POVERTY, STATE CAPITAL, AND RECIDIVISM AMONG WOMEN OFFENDERS*
POVERTY, STATE CAPITAL, AND RECIDIVISM AMONG WOMEN OFFENDERS*
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贫困、国有资本和女性罪犯的累犯*
DOI：
10.1111/j.1745-9133.2004.tb00035.x
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发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
M. Morash
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kristy Holtfreter;Michael D. Reisig;M. Morash
研究摘要：
这项研究调查了贫穷和国家资本(即国家资助的支持)对女性罪犯累犯的影响。我们还试图确定针对精算风险工具的批评是否有可取之处，例如没有考虑到与性别有关的因素(例如贫穷状况)。来自俄勒冈州一个县以及明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市和圣保罗市的134名女性重罪罪犯的社区矫正样本被用来检查六个月期间再次逮捕和缓刑或假释违规行为的自我报告。Logistic回归分析结果显示，贫困状况使再次被捕的几率增加了4.6倍，而违反监管规定的几率增加了12.7倍。相比之下，一旦考虑到贫困状况，风险得分就无法预测再次犯罪率。特别是在贫穷的女性罪犯中，我们发现，提供国家资助的支持以满足短期需求(例如住房)可将再次犯罪的几率降低83%。提供国家资本的社区惩教官员不仅促进了妇女的赋权，而且他们也不太可能有再次犯罪的客户。
政策影响：
我们的调查结果表明，常用的精算风险评估工具(即LSI-R)没有充分考虑到女性罪犯在经济上的边缘化。至少，现有的工具应加以改进或补充其他信息来源。在监督的早期阶段，社区惩教机构应鼓励其官员介绍和倡导贫困妇女获得国家资本的现有来源(例如，补贴住房)，以满足关键的短期需求，从而改善她们的经济状况，帮助她们摆脱贫困，并减少再次犯罪的可能性。更广泛地说，最近福利政策的变化，如“努力实现独立”，将(充其量)取得有限的成功，因为这些改革背后的动力是有限的(即，分配个人对贫困的责任)。福利政策改革可以通过在儿童保育、教育、卫生保健和职业培训领域提供国家资助的资源来改进，这些领域解决了妇女普遍存在的经济边缘化的原因(例如，社会和人力资本储备不足)。
Research Summary:
This research investigates the effects of poverty and state capital (i.e., state-sponsored support) on recidivism among women offenders. We seek also to determine whether criticisms directed at actuarial risk tools, such as the failure to take into account gender-related factors (e.g., poverty status), have merit. A community corrections sample of 134 female felony offenders from one county in the State of Oregon and in the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota is used to examine self-reports of rearrest and probation or parole violations over a six-month time period. Results from the logistic regression analyses show poverty status increases the odds of rearrest by a factor of 4.6, and it increases the odds of supervision violation by a factor of 12.7. In contrast, risk scores failed to predict recidivism once poverty status was taken into account. Among poor women offenders specifically, we find providing state-sponsored support to address short-term needs (e.g., housing) reduces the odds of recidivism by 83%. Not only do community corrections officers who make available state capital promote women's empowerment, they are also less likely to have clients who reoffend.
Policy Implications:
Our findings suggest that a commonly used actuarial risk assessment tool (i.e., the LSI-R) does not sufficiently take into account the economic marginality of women offenders. At a minimum, existing tools should be refined or supplemented with other sources of information. During the early stages of supervision, community corrections agencies should encourage their officers to refer and advocate for poor women to receive available sources of state capital (e.g., subsidized housing) to address critical short-term needs, which can improve their economic circumstances, help move them out of poverty, and reduce the likelihood of recidivism. More broadly, recent changes in welfare policy, such as “Working Toward Independence,” will experience (at best) limited success because the impetus behind these reforms is narrow (i.e., assigning personal responsibility for poverty). Welfare policy reforms can be improved by providing state-sponsored resources in the areas of childcare, education, health care, and job training, which address the causes of economic marginalization (e.g., deficient reserves of social and human capital) among women in general.