Space colonization by branching trachea explains the morphospace of a simple respiratory organ
Space colonization by branching trachea explains the morphospace of a simple respiratory organ
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分支气管的空间殖民解释了简单呼吸器官的形态空间
DOI：
10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.02.005
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Lemos, M.C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ruiz-Sobrino, A.;Martín-Blanco, C.A.;Navarro, T.;Almudí, I.;Masiero, G.;Jiménez-Caballero, M.;Buchwalter, D.B.;Funk, D.H.;Gattolliat, J.L.;Lemos, M.C.
分支形态发生有助于提高许多动物器官中气体和液体的运输效率。对几种模式生物的研究突出了分支形态发生背后的分子和细胞复杂性。为了理解这种复杂性，已经开发了计算模型，目的是确定在全球范围内解释分支模式的“主要规则”。这些模型还指导对执行和维护这些规则的生物过程的进一步实验探索。本文以蚂蚁幼虫的气管鳃为模型系统，研究其分枝呼吸模式的发生。首先，我们描述了双翅五翅目鱼的鳃，并定量描述了其分支气管的几何形状。接下来，我们将这种表征扩展到相关物种的表征，以生成分枝模式的形态空间。然后，我们展示了基于“空间殖民”概念(SCA)的算法如何通过向假设的吸引子分子(M)生长来产生这种分支形态空间。SCA与其他分支生成算法的不同之处在于，生成的几何在很大程度上取决于它对可用于分支的“外部”空间的感知，使用的规则很少，而且重要的是，可以很容易地转换为现实的“生物模式算法”。我们在双翅果蝇基因组(CD-BNL)中发现了一个与成纤维细胞生长因子无分支(BNL)同源的基因，BNL刺激果蝇胚胎气管的生长和分支。在双翅目昆虫中，该基因在鳃边缘和从较厚的气管产生的较细的气管分支区域中表达。因此，在我们的模型中，Cd-BnI可以起到M的作用。最后，我们在其他分支模式生成算法的背景下讨论了这种一般机制。
Branching morphogenesis helps increase the efficiency of gas and liquid transport in many animal organs. Studies in several model organisms have highlighted the molecular and cellular complexity behind branching morphogenesis. To understand this complexity, computational models have been developed with the goal of identifying the “major rules” that globally explain the branching patterns. These models also guide further experimental exploration of the biological processes that execute and maintain these rules. In this paper we introduce the tracheal gills of mayfly (Ephemeroptera) larvae as a model system to study the generation of branched respiratory patterns. First, we describe the gills of the mayflyCloeon dipterum, and quantitatively characterize the geometry of its branching trachea. We next extend this characterization to those of related species to generate the morphospace of branching patterns. Then, we show how an algorithm based on the “space colonization” concept (SCA) can generate this branching morphospace via growth towards a hypothetical attractor molecule (M). SCA differs from other branch-generating algorithms in that the geometry generated depends to a great extent on its perception of the “external” space available for branching, uses few rules and, importantly, can be easily translated into a realistic “biological patterning algorithm”. We identified a gene in theC. dipterumgenome (Cd-bnl) that is orthologous to the fibroblast growth factorbranchless (bnl),which stimulates growth and branching of embryonic trachea inDrosophila. InC. dipterum, this gene is expressed in the gill margins and areas of finer tracheolar branching from thicker trachea. Thus,Cd-bnlmay perform the function of M in our model. Finally, we discuss this general mechanism in the context of other branching pattern-generating algorithms.