Baltimore City's landmark alcohol and tobacco billboard ban: an implementation case study.
Baltimore City's landmark alcohol and tobacco billboard ban: an implementation case study.
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巴尔的摩市具有里程碑意义的酒精和烟草广告牌禁令：实施案例研究。
DOI：
10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041244
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Jernigan,David
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Meisel,PeterL;Sparks,Alicia;Eck,Raimee;Jernigan,David
在除地中海东部以外的所有地区，酒精是导致15-24岁男性死亡和残疾的主要原因，而在富裕国家和美洲，酒精是15-24岁女性死亡和残疾的主要原因；这种负担很大程度上是由伤害造成的。1过量饮酒是美国年轻人的主要毒品问题，2美国年轻人与酒精有关的死亡的主要原因是伤害：在21岁以下的人中，每年约有4173人死于酒精，其中95%是由酒精引起的多血管病变、凶杀、自杀、中毒(不是酒精)、虐待儿童和溺水。3接触酒精广告会增加年轻人对酒精持有积极信念、打算饮酒和消费的可能性。4-6纵向研究一致地发现，青少年在各种场合--包括广播、印刷、户外、购买地点和体育赛事--接触酒精广告，与不喝酒的人更早开始饮酒和已经喝酒的年轻人饮酒水平增加有关。7 8在青春期早期(7年级)报告接触和喜欢广告的青少年更有可能在以后(10年级)报告与酒精有关的负面后果，包括打架。9户外广告以行人和机动车辆交通为目标，并以各种形式和大小出现。在20世纪90年代初，烟草公司是最著名的户外广告商：1992年，烟草行业在户外广告上花费了1.23亿美元，到1996年，前十大户外广告商中有六家是烟草公司。10 1998年签订《总和解协议》后，户外烟草广告急剧下降，户外酒类广告支出超过烟草广告支出。到2002年，安海斯-布希公司成为美国最大的户外广告商，每年在户外广告上的支出不到5000万美元。11 Saffer和Dave 12评估了26年来在20个国家实施的酒精广告限制的影响，并估计每增加一次限制，人口水平的酒精消费就会减少5%-8%。这些作者使用广告支出数据估计，年轻人接触酒精广告(包括户外广告)减少28%，将与青少年每月酗酒的比例从12%减少到11%至8%相关。13然而，据我们所知，没有研究专门研究禁止户外酒类广告对青少年饮酒的影响。从历史上看，各州和联邦政府一直依赖酒类行业的自律作为防止年轻人接触酒精广告的主要保护措施。14然而，行业未能维护自己的监管标准--特别是在更脆弱的低收入城市社区--导致了草根激进主义和开创性的立法来监管酒类广告。15全国各地对户外酒类广告的地方法规发生了重大变化，但是，虽然支持这一运动的法律方面已被记录在同行评议文献中，16据我们所知，没有人记录导致这些变化的过程或其实施和强制执行。本文试图通过回顾巴尔的摩市户外酒类广告监管的历史来填补这一空白，巴尔的摩市于1994年通过了美国第一个禁止酒类和烟草广告的市政法令，从该法令的构思、法律障碍到实施和执行，特别是…
Alcohol is the leading cause of death and disability globally among males aged 15–24 in all regions except the Eastern Mediterranean and females aged 15–24 in the wealthy nations and the Americas; much of this burden is from injury. 1 Excessive alcohol use is the leading drug problem among young people in the USA, 2 and the leading causes of alcohol-related deaths among young people in the USA are injury: MVCs, homicide, suicide, poisoning (not alcohol), child maltreatment and drowning comprise 95% of the approximately 4173 deaths caused by alcohol among persons under 21 annually. 3 Exposure to alcohol advertising increases the likelihood that young people will hold positive beliefs about alcohol, intend to drink and consume alcohol. 4–6 Longitudinal studies have consistently found that youth exposure to alcohol advertising in various settings—including broadcast, print, outdoor, point-of-purchase and at sporting events—correlates with earlier onset of drinking among non-drinkers and increased levels of drinking among youth already drinking. 7 8 Adolescents who report exposure to and liking of ads in early adolescence (7th grade) are more likely later (10th grade) to report negative alcohol-related consequences, including getting into fights. 9 Outdoor advertisements target pedestrian and motor vehicle traffic and appear in a wide array of formats and sizes. In the early 1990s, tobacco companies were the most prominent outdoor advertisers: in 1992, the tobacco industry spent $123 million on outdoor advertising and by 1996 six of the top ten outdoor advertisers were tobacco companies. 10 Following the Master Settlement Agreement in 1998, outdoor advertising for tobacco fell precipitously, and expenditures on outdoor advertising for alcohol surpassed spending on tobacco ads. By 2002, the Anheuser-Busch Company was the largest outdoor advertiser in the USA, spending just under $50 million annually on outdoor advertisements. 11 Saffer and Dave 12 assessed the impact of alcohol advertising restrictions in 20 countries over 26 years and estimated that each incremental restriction reduced population-level alcohol consumption by 5–8%. The same authors used advertising expenditure data to estimate that a 28% reduction in youth exposure to alcohol advertising, including outdoor advertising, would correlate with reductions of monthly adolescent binge drinking from 12% to between 11 and 8%. 13 However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have specifically examined the effects of bans on outdoor alcohol advertising on youth alcohol consumption. Historically, states and the federal government have relied on alcohol industry self-regulation as the primary protection against youth exposure to alcohol advertising. 14 However, industry failure to uphold its own standards of regulation—particularly in more vulnerable lowerincome, urban communities—resulted in grassroots activism and groundbreaking legislation to regulate alcohol advertising. 15 Significant changes occurred in local regulation of outdoor advertising for alcohol throughout the country, but while the legal aspects underpinning this movement have been documented in peerreviewed literature, 16 to our knowledge no one has documented the process that led to these changes or their implementation and enforcement. This paper seeks to fill that gap by reviewing the history of outdoor alcohol advertising regulation in Baltimore City, which passed the first municipal ordinance banning alcohol and tobacco advertising in the USA in 1994, from the ordinance’s conception through legal hurdles and into implementation and enforcement, with a particular focus on …