Some Affective Consequences of Social Comparison and Reflection Processes: The Pain and Pleasure of Being Close
Some Affective Consequences of Social Comparison and Reflection Processes: The Pain and Pleasure of Being Close
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DOI：
10.1037/0022-3514.54.1.49
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发表时间：
1988
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
A. Tesser;M. Millar;Janet S. Moore
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Tesser;M. Millar;Janet S. Moore
描述了一种社会行为自我评价维持模型。根据比较过程，当另一个人在与自己高度相关的任务上表现得比自己好时，与自己越接近的另一个人对自我评价的威胁越大。根据反思过程，当另一个人在一项与自己不太相关的任务上表现得比自己好时，这个人越接近自己，自我评价就越有可能得到增强。情感被认为反映了对自我评价的威胁和承诺。在三项研究中，研究人员向受试者反馈自己的表现，以及亲密（朋友）和疏远（陌生人）在自我相关性较低（研究2）或自我相关性变化较大（研究1和3）的任务中的表现。在研究1 （N = 31）中，每次反馈试验后，受试者在简单和复杂任务上的表现作为唤醒的衡量标准。被亲近的人超越比被疏远的人超越更容易引起兴奋。在研究2 （N = 30）中，对与任务表现无关的单词的评价评分作为情感的间接测量。结果表明，当相关性较低时，与朋友的表现与自我相当或被陌生人超越相比，朋友表现优于自我的积极影响更大。在研究3 （N = 31）中，受试者在接受反馈的同时监测其面部表情。表达愉悦性是任务相关性、相对表现和比较他人亲密度的交互作用。所有三项研究的结果都被解释为与SEM模型基本一致。
: A self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) model of social behavior was described. According to the comparison process, when another outperforms the self on a task high in relevance to the self, the closer the other the greater the threat to self-evaluation. According to the reflection process, when another outperforms the self on a task low in relevance to the self, the closer the other the greater the promise of augmentation to self-evaluation. Affect was assumed to reflect threats and promises to self-evaluation. In three studies, subjects were given feedback about own performance and the performance of a close (friend) and distant (stranger) other on tasks that were either low in self-relevance (Study 2) or that varied in self-relevance (Studies 1 and 3). In Study 1 (N = 31), subjects' performance on simple and complex tasks after each feedback trial served as a measure of arousal. Being outperformed by a close other resulted in greater arousal than being outperformed by a distant other. In Study 2 (N = 30), evaluative ratings of words unrelated to task performance served as an indirect measure of affect. Results indicated that when relevance is low, more positive affect is associated with a friend's outperforming the self than either a friend's performing at a level equal to the self or being outperformed by a stranger. In Study 3 (N = 31), subjects received feedback while their facial expressions were monitored. Pleasantness of expression was an interactive function of relevance of task, relative performance, and closeness of comparison other. The results of all three studies were interpreted as being generally consistent with the SEM model.