Antibiotic Resistance in Animal and Environmental Samples Associated with Small-Scale Poultry Farming in Northwestern Ecuador.
Antibiotic Resistance in Animal and Environmental Samples Associated with Small-Scale Poultry Farming in Northwestern Ecuador.
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DOI：
10.1128/msphere.00021-15
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发表时间：
2016-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Levy K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Braykov NP;Eisenberg JN;Grossman M;Zhang L;Vasco K;Cevallos W;Muñoz D;Acevedo A;Moser KA;Marrs CF;Foxman B;Trostle J;Trueba G;Levy K
在发展中国家，使用抗生素作为生长促进剂的小规模家禽养殖正在作为一种廉价的蛋白质和收入来源得到推进。在这里，我们提出了一项大型生态流行病学研究的结果，该研究检查了厄瓜多尔农村小规模家禽生产环境与家庭环境中大肠杆菌分离株的抗生素耐药性（AR）模式，在过去十年中，这种后院家禽养殖已经建立起来。我们之前在该地区的研究表明，通过旅行和商业引入AR细菌可能是该地区村庄AR的重要来源。本报告通过审查小规模养鸡场作为耐药菌株的潜在来源，扩展了先前的分析。我们的研究结果表明，与家禽生产相关的AR菌株可能来自研究区域以外的来源，这些外部来源可能比当地管理实践更好地针对控制工作。畜牧业对抗生素耐药性（AR）传播的影响是交叉的，因此需要多学科的观点。在这里，我们使用生态学、流行病学和人种学方法来检查在厄瓜多尔农村生产家禽养殖环境中传播的大肠杆菌种群与使用非治疗性抗生素的小规模家禽生产日益普遍的家庭环境。在2010年至2013年期间，我们从17个村庄取样了262只“生产鸟”（商业饲养的肉鸡和蛋鸡）和455只“家养鸟”（饲养用于家庭使用）以及家庭和鸡舍环境样本。我们分析了来自Kirby-Bauer试验的抑制区数据，而不是建立AR的临床断点，以区分生物种群。我们发现养殖家禽的细菌中AR水平明显高于家养家禽；52.8%的生产禽分离株和16%的家庭禽分离株对阿莫西林-克拉维酸盐、头孢菌素、头孢噻肟和庆大霉素耐药。对这4种药物联合耐药的菌株只存在于生产禽（7.6%）和鸡舍表面（6.5%）的分离株亚群中，并且与特定采购地点有关。生产禽的AR患病率随着鸟龄的增加而下降（除四环素、磺胺恶唑和甲氧苄啶-磺胺恶唑外，所有抗生素的检测结果均P < 0.01）。在家庭或村庄层面，农业状况对家庭环境中的AR没有影响。我们的研究结果表明，与小规模家禽养殖相关的急性呼吸道感染存在于直接生产环境中，并可能源自研究区域以外的来源。与本地管理实践相比，这些外部资源可能是更好的控制目标。在发展中国家，使用抗生素作为生长促进剂的小规模家禽养殖正在作为一种廉价的蛋白质和收入来源得到推进。在这里，我们提出了一项大型生态流行病学研究的结果，该研究检查了厄瓜多尔农村小规模家禽生产环境与家庭环境中大肠杆菌分离株的抗生素耐药性（AR）模式，在过去十年中，这种后院家禽养殖已经建立起来。我们之前在该地区的研究表明，通过旅行和商业引入AR细菌可能是该地区村庄AR的重要来源。本报告通过审查小规模养鸡场作为耐药菌株的潜在来源，扩展了先前的分析。我们的研究结果表明，与家禽生产相关的AR菌株可能来自研究区域以外的来源，这些外部来源可能比当地管理实践更好地针对控制工作。
In developing countries, small-scale poultry farming employing antibiotics as growth promoters is being advanced as an inexpensive source of protein and income. Here, we present the results of a large ecoepidemiological study examining patterns of antibiotic resistance (AR) in E. coli isolates from small-scale poultry production environments versus domestic environments in rural Ecuador, where such backyard poultry operations have become established over the past decade. Our previous research in the region suggests that introduction of AR bacteria through travel and commerce may be an important source of AR in villages of this region. This report extends the prior analysis by examining small-scale production chicken farming as a potential source of resistant strains. Our results suggest that AR strains associated with poultry production likely originate from sources outside the study area and that these outside sources might be a better place to target control efforts than local management practices. The effects of animal agriculture on the spread of antibiotic resistance (AR) are cross-cutting and thus require a multidisciplinary perspective. Here we use ecological, epidemiological, and ethnographic methods to examine populations of Escherichia coli circulating in the production poultry farming environment versus the domestic environment in rural Ecuador, where small-scale poultry production employing nontherapeutic antibiotics is increasingly common. We sampled 262 “production birds” (commercially raised broiler chickens and laying hens) and 455 “household birds” (raised for domestic use) and household and coop environmental samples from 17 villages between 2010 and 2013. We analyzed data on zones of inhibition from Kirby-Bauer tests, rather than established clinical breakpoints for AR, to distinguish between populations of organisms. We saw significantly higher levels of AR in bacteria from production versus household birds; resistance to either amoxicillin-clavulanate, cephalothin, cefotaxime, and gentamicin was found in 52.8% of production bird isolates and 16% of household ones. A strain jointly resistant to the 4 drugs was exclusive to a subset of isolates from production birds (7.6%) and coop surfaces (6.5%) and was associated with a particular purchase site. The prevalence of AR in production birds declined with bird age (P < 0.01 for all antibiotics tested except tetracycline, sulfisoxazole, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). Farming status did not impact AR in domestic environments at the household or village level. Our results suggest that AR associated with small-scale poultry farming is present in the immediate production environment and likely originates from sources outside the study area. These outside sources might be a better place to target control efforts than local management practices. IMPORTANCE In developing countries, small-scale poultry farming employing antibiotics as growth promoters is being advanced as an inexpensive source of protein and income. Here, we present the results of a large ecoepidemiological study examining patterns of antibiotic resistance (AR) in E. coli isolates from small-scale poultry production environments versus domestic environments in rural Ecuador, where such backyard poultry operations have become established over the past decade. Our previous research in the region suggests that introduction of AR bacteria through travel and commerce may be an important source of AR in villages of this region. This report extends the prior analysis by examining small-scale production chicken farming as a potential source of resistant strains. Our results suggest that AR strains associated with poultry production likely originate from sources outside the study area and that these outside sources might be a better place to target control efforts than local management practices.