The pharmacology of impulsive behaviour in rats V: the effects of drugs on responding under a discrimination task using unreliable visual stimuli
The pharmacology of impulsive behaviour in rats V: the effects of drugs on responding under a discrimination task using unreliable visual stimuli
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DOI：
10.1007/s002130050926
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发表时间：
1999-04-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Evenden, J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Evenden, J
人们普遍认为冲动是多因素造成的。其中一个因素通常被称为“反思冲动”，指的是在做出反应之前需要时间进行信息分析和反思。在大多数用于非人类受试者的反应时间任务中，预期在出现特定刺激后立即做出反应。在本实验中，通过使用信号来明确在响应之前等待的需要，该信号的预测值随着受试者（大鼠）在响应之前等待的时间越长而增加。首先，老鼠了解到，如果按下两个杠杆中的一个，就会发出光信号来指示食物强化剂的可用性。在测试过程中，每次试验中，当灯打开时，只有 50% 的可能性指示“正确”的控制杆。经过短暂的间隔后，它被关闭并再次打开，这次指示正确杠杆的概率略高（> 50％）。在几秒钟的时间内，指示灯指示正确杠杆的概率几乎增加到 100%。因此，对光的快速响应会导致许多错误，而缓慢的响应总是会导致食物输送。训练后，用一系列药物治疗大鼠：氟哌啶醇（0.01-0.1毫克/千克）、利眠宁（1-10毫克/千克）、乙醇（100-1000毫克/千克）、d-苯丙胺（0.4-1.2毫克/千克）、米角林（0.3-3.0毫克/千克）、丙咪嗪、地昔帕明和氯米帕明（全部1， 3 和 10 毫克/公斤），以及在测试前给予额外的食物。乙醇和氯米帕明在测试的剂量范围内对行为没有影响。安非他明不影响准确性，也不影响反应时间。其他药物都减少了短反应时间的数量，从而提高了整体准确性。额外喂食、氯氮卓和氟哌啶醇也选择性地提高了短反应时间内反应的准确性。这些结果可以通过假设地昔帕明和丙咪嗪特异性降低冲动性而额外喂食、氯氮卓、氟哌啶醇增加反应标准来解释。三环类药物的药理学特异性表明，主要刺激去甲肾上腺素能系统（通过地昔帕明），但不一定刺激血清素能系统（氯米帕明）或多巴胺能系统（安非他明）可改善此过程中的表现。
Impulsivity is widely considered to be multifactorial. One factor, frequently termed "reflection-impulsivity", refers to the need to give time to information analysis and reflection before making a response. In most reaction time tasks employed for non-human subjects, responding is expected immediately after a specific stimulus has been presented. In the present experiment, the need to wait before responding was made explicit by using a signal which increased in predictive Value the longer the subject (a rat) waited before responding. First, the rats learned that a light signal indicated the availability of a food reinforcer if one of two levers was pressed. In the test procedure, on each trial, when the light was turned on it was only 50% likely to indicate the "correct" lever. After a brief interval it was turned off and on again, this time with a slightly higher probability (>50%) of indicating the correct lever. Over a period of a few seconds the probability that the light indicated the correct lever increased to almost 100%. Thus a quick response to the light would result in many errors, whereas a slow response could always result in food delivery. Once trained the rats were treated with a series of drugs: haloperidol (0.01-0.1 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide (1-10 mg/kg), ethanol (100-1000 mg/kg), d-amphetamine (0.4-1.2 mg/kg), metergoline (0.3-3.0 mg/kg), imipramine, desipramine and clomipramine (all 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg), as well as being given additional food just prior to testing. Ethanol and clomipramine had no effects on behaviour in the dose range tested. Amphetamine did not affect accuracy and had no effect on reaction time. The other drugs all reduced the number of short reaction times and thereby increased overall accuracy. Additional feeding, chlordiazepoxide and haloperidol also increased selectively the accuracy of responses made with short reaction times. These results can be interpreted by supposing that desipramine and imipramine specifically reduced impulsivity whereas additional feeding, chlordiazepoxide, haloperidol increased the response criterion. The pharmacological specificity of the tricyclics suggests that stimulation principally of the noradrenergic system (via desipramine), but not necessarily the serotonergic (clomipramine) or dopaminergic (amphetamine) improves performance in this procedure.