From Ephemeral Planning to Permanent Urbanism: An Urban Planning Theory of Mega-Events
From Ephemeral Planning to Permanent Urbanism: An Urban Planning Theory of Mega-Events
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从短暂规划到永久城市主义：大型活动的城市规划理论
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发表时间：
2016
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通讯作者：
E. Kassens
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作者：
E. Kassens
像奥运会这样的大型活动是塑造城市的强大力量。在大型活动之后，主办城市留下了各种积极和消极的遗产。为了给关于遗产创造的争论带来一些理论上的清晰度，我引入了大型事件乌托邦、反乌托邦和异托邦的概念。大型活动乌托邦是一种理想和想象的城市主义，在活动期间包含有关经济、社会政治系统、空间和社会的抽象概念。大型活动乌托邦（与其他利益相关者可能持有的其他乌托邦愿景相反）是由大型活动所有者的愿望决定的，而不考虑活动主办方的现实情况。简而言之，从业主的角度来看，大型活动乌托邦是完美的活动主办方。本文建议将大型事件乌托邦作为主办城市系统转型的理论模型。随着大型事件以越来越强大的变形金刚进入本世纪，大型事件反乌托邦作为这些理想主义乌托邦的反面出现了。作为活动后的混合景观，大型活动异托邦将临时的大型活动乌托邦作为遗产烙印融入主办城市的长期现实。以奥林匹克乌托邦为例，我围绕城市的四个特征，即经济、形象、基础设施和社会，将乌托邦的愿景理论化。通过大型事件遗产乌托邦的概念，我也对城市经济发展、地方营销、城市发展和公众参与的四个城市特征的运作提供了一些见解。
Mega-events like the Olympic Games are powerful forces that shape cities. In the wake of mega-events, a variety of positive and negative legacies have remained in host cities. In order to bring some theoretical clarity to debates about legacy creation, I introduce the concepts of the mega-event utopia, dystopia and heterotopia. A mega-event utopia is ideal and imaginary urbanism embracing abstract concepts about economies, socio-political systems, spaces, and societies in the host during events. The mega-event utopia (in contrast to other utopian visions other stakeholders may hold) is dictated by the desires of the mega-event owners irrespective of the realities in the event host. In short, a mega-event utopia is the perfect event host from the owner’s perspective. Mega-event utopias are suggested as a theoretical model for the systematic transformation of their host cities. As large-scale events progress as ever more powerful transformers into this century, mega-event dystopias have emerged as negatives of these idealistic utopias. As hybrid post-event landscapes, m ega-event heterotopias manifest the temporary mega-event utopia as legacy imprints into the long-term realities in hosting cities. Using the Olympic utopia as an example of a mega-event utopia, I theorize utopian visions around four urban traits: economy, image, infrastructure and society. Through the concept of the mega-event legacy utopia , I also provide some insight toward the operationalization of the four urban traits for a city’s economic development, local place marketing, urban development, and public participation.