Fluorescent analogs of biomolecular building blocks: design, properties, and applications.
Fluorescent analogs of biomolecular building blocks: design, properties, and applications.
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DOI：
10.1021/cr900301e
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发表时间：
2010-05-12
期刊：
影响因子：
62.1
通讯作者：
Tor, Yitzhak
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sinkeldam, Renatus W.;Greco, Nicholas J.;Tor, Yitzhak
荧光光谱是信息量最大、最灵敏的分析技术之一，在现代研究中发挥着并将继续发挥关键作用。事实上，揭开生物分子、细胞和有机体的内部运作依赖于基于荧光的工具的发展。由于这些复杂的相互作用和极其复杂的系统中的许多参与者本身并不具有发射性，因此研究人员依赖于合成生物大分子中发现的构建模块的荧光类似物。这些是细胞表面和细胞膜的成分，以及蛋白质和核酸。这篇评论致力于这些相对小的分子的发射类似物。出于组织的目的，我们任意选择通过想象“进入细胞中心的旅程”来接近这些不同的生物分子家族。接近细胞的外部，首先遇到的是装饰细胞表面并参与细胞识别和信号传导的寡糖。接下来，我们来看看细胞膜本身。这种半渗透性的外壳设置细胞边界并调节其流量。几种类型的构建块组装这个膜，其中最值得注意的是磷脂。在进入细胞后，胞质溶胶显示出过多的小分子和大分子，包括蛋白质，以及可溶性RNA分子和富含RNA的核糖体。在真核生物和原核生物的胞质溶胶中分别有核或类核。这个被膜包围的控制中心包含了大部分细胞的遗传物质。DNA是细胞的蓝图，它永久存在于细胞核中，细胞核中也有不同的RNA分子。因此，我们首先讨论发射性碳水化合物衍生物，
Fluorescence spectroscopy, one of the most informative and sensitive analytical techniques, has played and continues to play key roles in modern research. Indeed, unraveling the inner workings of biomolecules, cells, and organisms relied on the development of fluorescence-based tools. As many of the players in these sophisticated interactions and exceedingly complex systems are not inherently emissive, researchers have relied on synthesizing fluorescent analogs of the building blocks found in biological macromolecules. These are the constituents of the cell surface and cell membrane, as well as proteins and nucleic acids. This review is dedicated to emissive analogs of these relatively small molecules. For organizational purposes, we have arbitrarily selected to approach these diverse families of biomolecules by imagining “a journey into the center of the cell”. Approaching the exterior of a cell, one first encounters oligosaccharides that decorate the cell surface and are involved in cell recognition and signaling. Next, we arrive at the cell membrane itself. This semipermeable envelope sets the cell boundaries and regulates its traffic. Several types of building blocks assemble this membrane, most notably among them are the phospholipids. Upon entering the cell, the cytosol reveals a plethora of small and large molecules, including proteins, as well as soluble RNA molecules and RNA-rich ribosomes. Within the cytosol of eukaryotes and prokaryotes lies the nucleus or nucleoid, respectively. This membraneenclosed control center contains most of the cells’ genetic material. DNA, the cellular blueprint, is permanently found in the nucleus, which also hosts diverse RNA molecules. Accordingly, we first discuss emissive carbohydrate deriva-
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