Excluding arbuscular mycorrhiza lowers variability in soil respiration but slows down recovery from perturbations
Excluding arbuscular mycorrhiza lowers variability in soil respiration but slows down recovery from perturbations
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DOI：
10.1002/ecs2.3308
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发表时间：
2020-12
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
S. Veresoglou;Gaowen Yang;Magkdi Mola;Annette Manntschke;Moritz Mating;M. Forstreuter;M. Rillig
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Veresoglou;Gaowen Yang;Magkdi Mola;Annette Manntschke;Moritz Mating;M. Forstreuter;M. Rillig
。互利共生在调节生态系统时间稳定性方面的作用已经引起了广泛的争论。在这里，我们重点关注普遍存在的互利共生现象——丛枝菌根——如何影响关键生态系统过程——生态系统呼吸——的时间稳定性。我们区分了两种形式的时间稳定性、时间变异性和弹性，并假设排除丛枝菌根对这两种形式都是有害的。我们分析了一组 10 个平行操作实验，以评估与其他常见实验因素相比，排除丛枝菌根如何调节时间稳定性。我们量化了生态系统呼吸的时间变化以及对菌根状态进行操作后对实验扰动（即脉冲、压力和干扰）的恢复能力。我们观察到，在没有丛枝菌根的情况下，时间变异性较低，这与我们的主要假设不一致。操纵丛枝菌根对时间变异的影响比脉冲（施用尿素）、应激（添加盐）和干扰（实验落叶）的影响更大，但比排除初级生产者或不同植物物种之间的比较弱。非菌根微观世界对实验扰动的抵抗力下降。我们提出了一项关于互利共生如何影响时间稳定性的实证研究。丛枝菌根会不同程度地改变时间变异性和恢复力，这凸显了对不同形式的时间稳定性进行概括可能会产生误导。我们提出了排除丛枝菌根可以改变生态系统稳定性的四种关键机制。这些在主手稿中进行了详细讨论。如果没有相容的宿主，菌根就无法建立，因此，操作植物和菌根是不相容的；我们在三个实验中讨论了初级生产者的操作，描述了植物是否已播种在盆中。我们的目的是在两个实验中复制每个其他因素（即具有车前子和夏枯草水平的植物物种；添加具有“是”或“否”水平的尿素；添加具有“是”或“否”水平的氯化钠；以及具有“是”或“否”水平的落叶）与菌根（即是否添加不规则根噬菌孢子）相结合。我们将与植物结合的因素限制为两种：添加尿素和添加氯化钠。
. The role of mutualisms in mediating temporal stability in an ecosystem has been debated exten-sively. Here, we focus on how a ubiquitous mutualism, arbuscular mycorrhiza, in fl uences temporal stability of a key ecosystem process, ecosystem respiration. We discriminated between two forms of temporal stability, temporal variability and resilience, and hypothesized that excluding arbuscular mycorrhiza would be detrimental for both of them. We analyzed a set of 10 parallel manipulation experiments to assess how excluding arbuscular mycorrhiza modulates temporal stability compared to other common experimental factors. We quanti fi ed the temporal variability of ecosystem respiration and the resilience to experimental perturbations (i.e., pulses, stresses, and a disturbance) following manipulations of mycorrhizal state. We observed lower temporal variability in the absence of arbuscular mycorrhiza in discord to our main hypothesis. Manipulating arbuscular mycorrhiza had a stronger impact on temporal variability than the pulse (application of urea), the stress (addition of salt), and a disturbance (experimental defoliation) but weaker than excluding primary producers or comparing across different plant species. Resilience to experimental perturbations declined in non-mycorrhizal microcosms. We present an empirical study on how mutualisms impact temporal stability. Arbuscular mycorrhiza differentially alters temporal variability and resilience, highlighting that generalizing across different forms of temporal stability could be misleading. We propose a of four key mechanisms through which excluding arbuscular mycorrhiza could alter ecosystem stability. These are discussed in detail in the main manuscript. Mycorrhiza cannot establish in the absence of compatible hosts, and thus, the manipulations plants and mycorrhiza were incompatible; we addressed manipulations of primary producers describing whether a plant had been sown in the pots or not in three experiments. We aimed to replicate each of the other factors (i.e., Plant Species having the levels Plantago lanceolata and Prunella vulgaris ; addition of urea having the levels yes or no; addition of NaCl having the levels yes or no; and defoliation having the levels yes or no) in combination to mycorrhiza (i.e., addition of spores of Rhizophagus irregularis or not) in two experi- ments. We limited the pool of factors that we combined with plants into two: addition of urea and addition of NaCl.