Slow, Latent, and Temperate Virus Infections
Slow, Latent, and Temperate Virus Infections
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缓慢、潜伏和温和的病毒感染
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发表时间：
1967
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
G. L. Le Bouvier
中科院分区：
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作者：
G. L. Le Bouvier
1957年，Gajdusek和Zigas首次描述了库鲁病，这是一种以进行性共济失调、震颤和情绪不稳定为特征的疾病，仅限于新几内亚的Fore人和他们最近的邻居。1959年，哈德洛指出了库鲁病和羊痒病在病理上的相似之处。羊痒病是一种长时间潜伏期的进行性小脑-下丘脑神经元变性。痒病“病原体”的发现，可以传染给山羊和老鼠，刺激了传播库鲁病的新努力。这些实验是Gajdusek和他在国家神经疾病和失明研究所的同事们对慢性人类神经系统疾病的长期研究的一部分。在他们的倡议下，于1964年12月举行了一次关于已知或疑似病毒病因的人类和动物慢性疾病的讲习班-专题讨论会。这本专著于1965年出版，收录了在该研讨会上发表的论文和讨论。这是对已故的Bj6rn Sigurdsson博士的一个恰当的（尽管是非官方的）纪念，他对病毒引起的冰岛绵羊疾病（rida, visna， maedi和肺腺瘤病）的研究使他形成了“慢”的概念，与急性和慢性病毒感染不同：例如，逐渐恶化的过程，在此之前是一个漫长的亚临床期，通常以死亡告终，与持续存在甚至耐受的病毒有关，其潜伏的破坏不会被宿主的免疫机制阻止，实际上可能会加剧。这些“温和但致命的病原体”，正如霍奇在讨论LCM病毒感染时所说的，现在被称为“慢病毒”。除上述疾病外，专著还涉及(a)水貂的慢病毒感染、阿留申病和传染性脑病；(b)某些慢性人类中枢神经系统疾病，包括多发性硬化症、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症、维留斯克脑脊髓炎和蜱传脑炎的后遗症——苏联病毒学家认为这些都是慢病毒感染；(c)动物和人慢性神经系统疾病的免疫学方面；(d)宿主遗传结构在亚急性和慢性病毒感染发病机制中的作用。即使在这个孕育期很长的领域，从研讨会到收到本专著进行审查之间的两年差距也是相当大的！尽管在1965年8月之前有零星的更新补充，但各种发展几乎没有被提及，如果有的话。也许最值得注意的是，在编辑们自己的实验室里，在黑猩猩脑内接种了致命病例的大脑后，产生了一种库鲁样综合征：8只黑猩猩中有7只出现了这种综合征(见《柳叶刀》，1966年11月12日；和《新英语》。J. Med， 1967年2月16日)，接种后18至30个月；3 .黑猩猩从接种了大脑的第一只动物到
In 1957, Gajdusek and Zigas first described kuru, a disease characterized by progressive ataxia, tremor and emotional lability, and confined to the Fore people of New Guinea and their nearest neighbors. In 1959, Hadlow pointed out the similarity in pathology of kuru and of scrapie, a progressive cerebello-hypothalamic neuronal degeneration of sheep, of long incubation. The demonstration of a scrapie "agent," transmissible to goats and mice, stimulated renewed efforts to transmit kuru. These experiments form part of a lorfg-term investigation of chronic human neurological disorders by Gajdusek and his colleagues at the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. On their initiative, a Workshop-Symposium was held in December 1964 on chronic human and animal diseases of known or suspected viral etiology. This Monograph, published in 1965, comprises the papers and discussions presented at that Symposium. It constitutes a fitting, though unofficial, memorial to the late Dr. Bj6rn Sigurdsson, whose studies of the virus-induced Icelandic sheep diseases-rida, visna, maedi, and pulmonary adenomatosis-led him to formulate the concept of "slow," as distinct from acute and chronic, virus infections: i.e., gradually worsening processes, preceded by a long subclinical period, and usually ending in death, associated with a persisting, and even tolerated, virus, whose insidious ravages are not halted, and may indeed be aggravated, by the host's immune mechanism. These "gentle yet deadly agents," as Hotchin terms them in his discussion of LCM virus infection, are now called "slow viruses." Besides the diseases mentioned above, the Monograph deals with (a) the slow virus infections of mink, Aleutian disease and transmissible encephalopathy; (b) certain chronic human central nervous system diseases, including multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Vilyuisk encephalomyelitis, and the sequelae of tick-borne encephalitis-all proposed as slow virus infections by Soviet virologists; (c) immunological aspects of chronic neurological disorders in animals and man; and (d) the role of the host's genetic constitution in the pathogenesis of subacute and chronic virus infections. The two-year gap between the Workshop and the receipt of this Monograph for review is a considerable one, even in this field of long incubation periods! Despite a sprinkling of updating supplements to bring things up to August 1965, various developments have of necessity barely been mentioned, if at all. Perhaps the most notable of these, from the laboratory of the Editors themselves, is the production of a kuru-like syndrome in chimpanzees after intracerebral inoculation of brain from fatal cases: 7 out of 8 have developed the syndrome (see Lancet, 12 November 1966; and New Engl. J. Med., 16 February 1967), from 18 to 30 months after inoculation; 3 chimpanzees inoculated with brain from the first animal to