Late Palaeozoic mollusc reproduction: cephalopod egg‐laying behavior and gastropod larval palaeobiology
Late Palaeozoic mollusc reproduction: cephalopod egg‐laying behavior and gastropod larval palaeobiology
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晚古生代软体动物繁殖：头足类产卵行为和腹足类幼虫古生物学
DOI：
10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00141.x
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
Nützel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. H. ;Nützel
对一个缺氧的海相下石炭世演替（晚密西西比期Ruddle页岩）的区系分析表明，一些头足类动物是如何在晚古生代产卵的。在美国阿肯色州的Ruddle页岩收集点，其相和整体动物群表明沉积物/水界面的氧气严重枯竭。Ammonoidea的卵很小，可能是在底部以上的水柱中悬浮的胶状卵团中产卵的，或者是通过附着在漂浮的碎片上产卵的。鹦鹉螺胚在悬浮或附着的卵团中发育；孵化出来的个体成为自由游动的浮游生物群的一部分。根据壳的形态，细菌总科可能遵循相同的繁殖模式。卷形鹦鹉螺（鹦鹉螺纲）和大多数正锥鹦鹉螺（主要是伪鹦鹉螺纲）可能不会在中间水柱中产卵或作为漂浮的附着物。这一结论的根据是，除了一个例外，这两种鹦鹉螺目的所有贝壳都早已过了孵化期。Ruddle页岩中的腹足类动物非常小，在野外无法目测到。然而，小腹足类动物在洗涤残留物中是丰富的。大多数标本都小于1毫米。最大的棘腹足动物标本高1.3毫米。这些囊胃足类动物代表了孤立的幼虫壳，由于底部的氧气耗尽，不可能成功地蜕变。关于超过1毫米的尺寸对于远洋幼虫来说太大的说法被来自喀西安组（意大利北部，南阿尔卑斯山）的现代腹足类（超过1毫米高）和三叠纪海腹足类（高达2毫米高）的浮游营养化幼虫壳的例子所驳斥。本文给出了腹足类动物nuetzelina striataandAnozyga arkansasensis的类型材料的知识库信息，这两个物种都是基于Ruddle页岩的标本建立的，n<s:1>泽尔和梅普斯于2001年对其进行了说明。
Faunal analysis of an oxygen‐depleted marine Lower Carboniferous succession (Late Mississippian Ruddle Shale) suggests how some cephalopod taxa laid their eggs during the Late Palaeozoic. At the Ruddle Shale collecting site in Arkansas, USA, the facies and overall fauna suggest severe oxygen depletion at the sediment/water interface. The Ammonoidea, with their small egg size, were probably laid in suspended gelatinous egg‐filled masses in the water column above the bottom or by attachment of the egg masses to floating debris. The ammonitella embryos developed within the suspended or attached egg mass; hatched individuals became part of the free‐swimming plankton biota. Based on shell morphology the Bactritoidea probably followed the same reproductive pattern. Coiled nautiloids (the Nautilida) and most orthoconic nautiloids (mostly the Pseudorthocerida) probably did not lay their eggs in the mid water column or as floatant attachments. This conclusion is based on the fact that, with one exception, all shells recovered of these two nautiloid orders are well past hatching. Gastropods in the Ruddle Shale are very small and cannot be visually detected in the field. However, microgastropods are abundant in washed residues. Most specimens are much smaller than 1 mm. The largest caenogastropod specimen is 1.3 mm high. These caenogastropods represent isolated larval shells and a successful metamorphosis was impossible because of oxygen depletion on the bottom. Allegations that a size of more than 1 mm is too large for pelagic larvae are refuted by examples of planktotrophic larval shells of modern gastropods (more than 1 mm high) and Triassic caenogastropods (up to 2 mm high) from the Cassian Formation (Northern Italy, South Alps). Repository information is given for the type‐material of the gastropod speciesNuetzelina striataandAnozyga arkansasensiswhich were both erected based on specimens from the Ruddle Shale that were illustrated by Nützel & Mapes in 2001.
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DOI：
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