Do upper-plate material properties or fault frictional properties play more important roles in tsunami earthquake characteristics?

Do upper-plate material properties or fault frictional properties play more important roles in tsunami earthquake characteristics?
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上板块材料特性还是断层摩擦特性在海啸地震特征中发挥更重要的作用?

DOI:
10.1016/j.tecto.2023.229765
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发表时间:
2023
期刊:
影响因子:
2.9
通讯作者:
Duan, Benchun
Duan, Benchun
中科院分区:
地球科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Meng, Qingjun;Duan, Benchun

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海啸地震是一种浅部俯冲带地震,破裂缓慢(<1.5公里/S),持续时间极长,高频辐射耗尽,导致沿海地区微波、微波差异大,海啸异常大。浅层不均匀断层摩擦特性被认为是海啸地震发生的主要原因。最近的一些研究认为,不同的上板块材料性质决定了巨型逆冲地震的破裂行为,包括海啸地震的特征。在这项研究中,我们使用最近开发的三维动态地震模拟器来探索海啸地震的发生,并在基于物理的框架下系统地研究了上盘材料性质和断层摩擦性质在海啸地震特征中的作用。对于非均质断层摩擦,我们考虑具有强速度弱化特性的孤立凹凸体嵌入具有弱速度弱化特性的条件稳定区中。对于非均匀的上盘属性,我们考虑了一个由地震勘探约束的地震速度和刚度的通用深度剖面。我们设计了一套模型来探讨它们对海啸地震发生和特征的影响。我们发现,条件稳定带在大深度范围(1-20公里)内可以显著减慢孕育在凹凸体上的地震的破裂速度,而非均匀的上板块性质只能在较窄的深度范围(1-3公里)内使破裂速度降低到∼1.5-2.0公里/S。然而,不均匀的上板块特性促进了浅俯冲平面上多个孤立的凹凸体上的级联破裂,从而促成了大海啸地震的发生。我们还发现,在海啸地震中,在长归一化持续时间、高频耗尽和低矩尺度辐射能量方面,断层摩擦属性比上板块材料属性发挥着更重要的作用。此外,俯冲面上的有效正应力影响断层摩擦强度,也影响海啸地震的特征,包括持续时间、应力降和矩尺度辐射能量。
Tsunami earthquakes are a type of shallow subduction zone events that rupture slowly (<1.5 km/s) with exceptionally long duration and depleted high frequency radiation, resulting in a large discrepancy ofMwandMsmagnitudes and abnormally large tsunami along coastal areas. Heterogeneous fault frictional properties at shallow depth have been thought to dominate tsunami earthquake generation. Some recent studies propose heterogeneous upper-plate material properties determine rupture behavior of megathrust earthquakes, including characteristics of tsunami earthquakes. In this study, we use a recently developed 3D dynamic earthquake simulator to explore tsunami earthquake generation and systematically examine roles of upper-plate material properties and fault frictional properties in tsunami earthquake characteristics in a physics-based framework. For heterogeneous fault friction, we consider isolated asperities with strongly velocity-weakening properties embedded in a conditionally stable zone with weakly velocity-weakening properties. For heterogeneous upper-plate properties, we consider a generic depth profile of seismic velocity and rigidity constrained from seismic surveys. We design a set of models to explore their effects on tsunami earthquake generation and characteristics. We find that the conditionally stable zone can significantly slow down rupture speeds of earthquakes that nucleate on asperities to be <1.5 km/s over a large depth range (1–20 km), while heterogeneous upper-plate properties can only reduce rupture speeds to be ∼1.5–2.0 km/s over a narrow depth range (1-3 km). Nevertheless, heterogeneous upper-plate properties promote cascading rupture over multiple isolated asperities on the shallow subduction plane, contributing to large tsunami earthquake generation. We also find that fault frictional properties play much more important roles than upper-plate material properties in long normalized duration, high-frequency depletion and low moment-scaled radiated energy in tsunami earthquakes. In addition, the effective normal stress on the subduction plane, which affects fault frictional strength, also influences the characteristics of tsunami earthquakes, including duration, stress drop and moment-scaled radiated energy.
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