Connecting materials, performance and evolution: a case study of the glue of moth-catching spiders (Cyrtarachninae)
Connecting materials, performance and evolution: a case study of the glue of moth-catching spiders (Cyrtarachninae)
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DOI：
10.1242/jeb.243271
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发表时间：
2022-03-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Hayashi, Cheryl Y.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Diaz, Candido, Jr.;Baker, Richard H.;Hayashi, Cheryl Y.
由基因组编码的物质使形态结构和扩展的表型成为可能。几乎所有的生物材料都是粘弹性的，这意味着要了解性能，必须了解这些材料在相关生态相互作用中的应变率依赖性，因为材料的行为可能会急剧变化。蜘蛛丝是其性质在种内和种间显著变化的材料的示例。在这里，我们专注于聚集丝，它的功能作为一种生物粘合剂。作为了解材料如何从基因组到生物体再到生态表现的案例研究，我们强调蛾类专家蜘蛛（Cyrtarachninae）及其胶水是研究生物材料基因组学与生态可变性能之间关系的理想实验系统。有一个明确的生态进化创新，Cyrtarachne akirai和相关物种已经进化，一个独特的特征没有发现在其他蜘蛛，一种胶水，克服了蛾的鳞片。通过研究传统的圆织者，C。akirai和其他亚科成员使用生物力学测试和基因组分析，我们认为，我们可以跟踪这种新的生物粘附剂的进化和评论的选择压力影响猎物专业化。材料测试的生态环境的重要性是由C。akirai胶在玻璃上的优异的铺展能力和对飞蛾的粘合强度。这些性能特性的遗传基础是实验上易于处理的，因为蜘蛛丝基因是最小的多效性和基因组技术的进步，现在有可能发现完整的丝基因序列。
Morphological structures and extended phenotypes are made possible by materials that are encoded by the genome. Nearly all biomaterials are viscoelastic, which means that to understand performance, one must understand the strain rate-dependent properties of these materials in relevant ecological interactions, as the behavior of a material can vary dramatically and rapidly. Spider silks are an example of materials whose properties vary substantially intra- and inter-specifically. Here, we focus on aggregate silk, which functions as a biological adhesive. As a case study to understand how a material manifests from genome through organism to ecology, we highlight moth-specialist spiders, the Cyrtarachninae, and their glues as an ideal experimental system to investigate the relationship between genomics and ecologically variable performance of a biological material. There is a clear eco-evolutionary innovation that Cyrtarachne akirai and related species have evolved, a unique trait not found in other spiders, a glue which overcomes the scales of moths. By examining traditional orb-weavers, C. akirai and other subfamily members using biomechanical testing and genomic analysis, we argue that we can track the evolution of this novel bioadhesive and comment on the selection pressures influencing prey specialization. The importance of the ecological context of materials testing is exemplified by the poor performance of C. akirai glue on glass and the exceptional spreading ability and adhesive strength on moths. The genetic basis for these performance properties is experimentally tractable because spider silk genes are minimally pleiotropic and advances in genomic technologies now make possible the discovery of complete silk gene sequences.