The effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes in human memory
The effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes in human memory
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DOI：
10.1037/0096-3445.125.2.159
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发表时间：
1996-06-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Anderson, ND
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Craik, FIM;Govoni, R;Anderson, ND
通过4个实验考察了分散注意(DA)对自由回忆、线索回忆和再认记忆中编码和提取的影响。单词或单词对的列表被听写和口头回忆；第二个任务是视觉连续反应时(RT)任务，带有手动反应。在编码时，DA与记忆性能的大幅下降有关，但RT的小幅上升；记忆和RT之间的权衡是有意识地控制的。相反，DA在提取时导致记忆的小幅减少或没有减少，但在RT方面的增加相对较大，特别是在自由回忆方面。记忆成绩在编码时对任务重点的变化很敏感，而在提取时不敏感。结果从受控和自动过程的角度进行了讨论，并推测与潜在的神经心理学机制有关。
The authors examined the effects of divided attention (DA) at encoding and retrieval in free recall, cued recall, and recognition memory in 4 experiments. Lists of words or word pairs were presented auditorily and recalled orally; the secondary task was a visual continuous reaction-time (RT) task with manual responses. At encoding, DA was associated with large reductions in memory performance, but small increases in RT; trade-offs between memory and RT were under conscious control. In contrast, DA at retrieval resulted in small or no reductions in memory, but in comparatively larger increases in RT, especially in free recall. Memory performance was sensitive to changes in task emphasis at encoding but not at retrieval. The results are discussed in terms of controlled and automatic processes and speculatively linked to underlying neuropsychological mechanisms.