State Sovereignty, Minorities and Self-Determination: A Comprehensive Legal View
State Sovereignty, Minorities and Self-Determination: A Comprehensive Legal View
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国家主权、少数民族和自决：综合法律观点
DOI：
10.1163/157181102100402061
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发表时间：
2002
影响因子：
0.7
通讯作者：
Pentassuglia
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pentassuglia
从历史的角度来看，主权与主权者的角色有关，主权者手中掌握着“绝对”权力。在现代关于主权的讨论中，很少有人（如果有的话）会支持国家主权的绝对主义概念，这意味着一种凌驾于国际法之上的权力。事实上，人们普遍认为，《联合国宪章》第二条第一款庄严认可的国家平等概念至少意味着，每一个国家的主权权利受到其他国家同样主权权利的限制。主权基本上等同于独立，即一个国家行使其权力而不屈从于任何外部权力的根本权力，但是，国际法对独立主权国家的内部和外部行动的允许范围施加了越来越多的限制（从基本禁止使用武力到因当今国际、政治和法律的关系的复杂性而产生的一系列限制）。《联合国宪章》第二条第七款所体现的“国内管辖权”原则在人权领域的逐渐削弱，只是一个包含多个组成部分的更广泛进程的一个主要症状。正如安纳亚恰当地指出的那样，“国家主权的概念虽然在国际法中仍然非常活跃，但越来越屈服于世界和平、稳定和人权愿景所界定的总体规范趋势”。“自决问题正是这一”总体规范趋势“的核心问题之一，因此也是当代关于主权及其最终归属的讨论的核心问题之一。
Seen from a historical perspective, sovereignty is linked to the role of sovereigns, in whose hands' absolute'power rested. In modem discussions of sovereignty, few, if any, would support an absolutist conception of state sovereignty, meaning a power above international law. There is in fact general agreement, that the very concept of the equality of states, solemnly endorsed in Article 2, paragraph 1, of the UN Charter, at least implies that sovereign rights of each state are limited by the equally sovereign rights of others.Sovereignty is essentially equated with independence, namely the fundamental authority of a state to exercise its powers without being subservient to any outside authority, but international law has increasingly imposed limitations on the permissible scope of the internal and external actions of independent sovereign states (from the basic prohibition of the use of force to a range of constraints deriving from the complexities of present-day international, political and legal, relations). The gradual erosion in the field of human rights of the'domestic jurisdiction'principle, embodied in Article 2, paragraph 7, of the UN Charter, is only a major symptom of a broader process with multiple components. As aptly noted by Anaya,'[n] otions of state sovereignty, although still very much alive in international law, are ever more yielding to an overarching normative trend defined by visions of world peace, stability, and human rights'.'The question of self-determination is precisely one of the issues striking at the heart of this' overarching normative trend', and therefore, of contemporary discussions of sovereignty and its ultimate repositories.