Heading for disaster:: Fusarium graminearum on cereal crops
Heading for disaster:: Fusarium graminearum on cereal crops
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00252.x
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发表时间：
2004-11-01
影响因子：
4.9
通讯作者：
Kistler, HC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Goswami, RS;Kistler, HC
近十年来，小麦和大麦赤霉病在全球范围内的迅速复发，以及由该疾病引起的真菌毒素对谷物的污染，促进了对真菌致病因子的基础研究。因此，小麦镰刀菌迅速成为研究最深入的植物真菌病原体之一。本文综述了小麦镰刀菌的致病性、群体遗传学、进化和基因组学方面的研究进展。分类学：基于性状态的赤霉（Gibberella zeae）超界真核生物；王国真菌;:;亚门Pezizomycotina;类Sordariomycetidae;子类Hypocreomycetidae;肉座菌目;家庭Nectriaceae;属赤霉菌属。寄主范围：该病原体能够引起小麦（Triticum）、大麦（Hordeum）、水稻（Oryza）、燕麦（Avena）的头疫病或“痂病”，以及玉米（Zea）的赤霉病和穗腐病。这种真菌也可以感染其他植物而不引起疾病症状。其他被引证为玉米赤霉素或F. graminearum sensu lato（见下文）的寄主属有Agropyron、Agrostis、Bromus、Calamagrostis、Cenchrus、Cortaderia、Cucumis、Echinochloa、Glycine、Hierochloe、Lolium、Lycopersicon、Medicago、Phleum、Poa、Schizachyrium、Secale、Setaria、Sorghum、Spartina和Trifolium。疾病症状和体征：小麦，小花和颖片外表面形成褐色、深紫色到黑色的坏死灶（图1）。虽然这些病变症状有时被称为痂，但它们与其他痂病（如苹果痂）相关的表皮增生和肥厚生长没有正式关系。花序下面的花序梗可以变成变色的棕色/紫色。随着时间的推移，花序的组织经常变得枯萎，出现漂白和棕褐色，而内部的颗粒萎缩。遮阳篷经常变得变形、扭曲和向下弯曲。在大麦中，田间感染并不总是很明显。受感染的小穗可能呈现褐色或被水浸透的外观。受感染的大麦籽粒呈棕褐色至深褐色变色，与其他籽粒枯萎病生物引起的变色相似。在长时间的潮湿时期，在小麦和大麦的受感染的小穗、颖花和籽粒上经常可以看到粉红色到橙黄色的真菌孢子团。玉米穗腐病的侵染是通过定殖丝发生的，因此症状首先出现在穗尖。白色菌丝体，随着时间的推移从粉红色变成红色，在籽粒上定植，并可能基本生长，覆盖整个耳朵。
The rapid global re-emergence of Fusarium head blight disease of wheat and barley in the last decade along with contamination of grains with mycotoxins attributable to the disease have spurred basic research on the fungal causal agent. As a result, Fusarium graminearum quickly has become one of the most intensively studied fungal plant pathogens. This review briefly summarizes current knowledge on the pathogenicity, population genetics, evolution and genomics of Fusarium graminearum.Taxonomy: Based on the sexual state Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch: Superkingdom Eukaryota; Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Subphylum Pezizomycotina; Class Sordariomycetidae; Subclass Hypocreomycetidae; Order Hypocreales; Family Nectriaceae; Genus Gibberella.Host range: The pathogen is capable of causing head blight or 'scab' on wheat (Triticum), barley (Hordeum), rice (Oryza), oats (Avena) and Gibberella stalk and ear rot disease on maize (Zea). The fungus also may infect other plant species without causing disease symptoms. Other host genera cited for Gibberella zeae or F. graminearum sensu lato (see below) are Agropyron, Agrostis, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Cenchrus, Cortaderia, Cucumis, Echinochloa, Glycine, Hierochloe, Lolium, Lycopersicon, Medicago, Phleum, Poa, Schizachyrium, Secale, Setaria, Sorghum, Spartina and Trifolium.Disease symptoms and signs: For wheat, brown, dark purple to black necrotic lesions form on the exterior surface of the florets and glume (Fig. 1). Although these lesion symptoms sometimes are referred to as scab, they are not formally related to the hyperplasia and hypertrophic epidermal growth associated with other scab diseases such as apple scab. Peduncles immediately below the inflorescence may become discoloured brown/purple. With time, tissue of the inflorescence often becomes blighted, appearing bleached and tan, while the grain within atrophies. Awns often become deformed, twisted and curved downward. In barley, infections are not always readily apparent in the field. Infected spikelets may show a browning or water-soaked appearance. infected barley kernels show a tan to dark brown discolouration that can be similar to that caused by other kernel blighting organisms. During prolonged wet periods, pink to salmon-orange spore masses of the fungus are often seen on infected spikelets, glumes and kernels in both wheat and barley. For maize ear rot, infection occurs by way of colonizing silk and thus symptoms first appear at the ear apex. White mycelium, turning pink to red with time, colonizes kernels and may progress basipetally, covering the entire ear.