THE NUCLEAR-REACTOR ACCIDENT AT 3-MILE-ISLAND
THE NUCLEAR-REACTOR ACCIDENT AT 3-MILE-ISLAND
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DOI：
10.1148/radiographics.14.1.8128063
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发表时间：
1994-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
MILLER, KL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
MILLER, KL
“反应是自我维持的，曲线是指数的”（1，2）。1942年12月2日下午3点53分，恩里科·费米在芝加哥大学斯塔格体育场西看台下宣布了核时代的到来。1954年9月，美国总统德怀特D.艾森豪威尔，“原子能和平”计划之父，在科罗拉多丹佛的一家电视台上为位于宾夕法尼亚州希平波特的美国第一座商业核电站奠基（3）。三年后的1957年12月2日，也就是斯塔格场实验的15年后，希平波特原子能电站进入临界状态。到1979年，美国大约有80个商业核反应堆在运行，另外还有60个计划或正在建设中。据预测，到2000年，美国将有500多座核电站在线运行（4）。核能是人们期待已久的清洁、廉价的电力来源，它在使美国摆脱对外国石油的依赖方面取得了重大进展。然后，它发生了！这场意外超出了很多人的预料，超出了很多人的理解，也超出了很多人最可怕的噩梦。事故的原因只不过是一个阀门卡住了，但结果是商业核能历史上最严重的事故。因此，36个已经获得施工许可的单位被取消（5），其他几个正在建设的单位被转换或放弃。自事故发生以来，美国没有订购新的反应堆。到1992年，美国运行的核电站总数达到108座，世界总数为412座（6）。缩写：EPA=环境保护局，NRC=核管理委员会。NCRP=国家辐射防护和测量理事会。热释光剂量计。三哩岛2号机组
“The reaction is self-sustaining, the curve is exponential”(1, 2). With these words, Enrico Fermi ushered in the nuclear age at 3: 53 PM on December 2, 1942, beneath the west stands of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago. In September 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower, father of the “Atoms for Peace’‘plan, initiated the ground breaking for the first US commercial nuclear power plant at Shippingport, Pennsylvania, from a television station in Denver, Colorado(3). Three years later, on December 2, 1957, exactly 15 years after the Stagg Field experiment, the Shippingport Atomic Power Station went critical. By 1979, there were approximately 80 commercial nuclear reactors in operation in the United States with an additional 60 either planned or under construction. The prediction was that by the year 2000 the United States would have over 500 nuclear plants on-line (4). Nuclear power, the long-awaited promise of a clean, inexpensive source of electricity, was making substantial inroads toward breaking the United States away from a dependency on foreign oil. And then, it happened! The accident that was beyond expectation, beyond the comprehension of many, and, for many, beyond their worst nightmare. The cause was nothing more than a valve stick-ing open, but the result was the worst accident to date in the history of commercial nuclear power. As a consequence, 36 units that had received construction permits were canceled(5), and several others that were under construction were converted or abandoned. Since the accident, there have been no new reactors ordered in the United States. By 1992, the total number of nuclear power plants operating in the United States reached 108, with the world total at 412 (6).Abbreviations: EPA= Environmental Protection Agency, NRC= Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NCRP= National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. TLD thermoluminescent dosimeter, TMI. 2= Three Mile Island Unit 2