Solids, liquids, and gases under high pressure
Solids, liquids, and gases under high pressure
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DOI：
10.1103/revmodphys.90.015007
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发表时间：
2018-03-20
影响因子：
44.1
通讯作者：
Wang, Lin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mao, Ho-Kwang;Chen, Xiao-Jia;Wang, Lin
压力一直被认为是一个基本的热力学变量，但它的应用以前受到可用的压力容器和探头的限制。在世纪之交，巨型钻石砧细胞和一系列相关的实验室和同步加速器技术的发展打开了一扇巨大的新机会之窗。随着压力维度的增加，我们正面临着一个新的世界，在这个世界里，待发现的材料要比在环境压力下发现的材料多得多。压力彻底地改变了所有的弹性、电子、磁性、结构和化学性质，并推动材料跨越绝缘体和超导体、无定形和结晶固体、离子和共价化合物、剧烈反应性和惰性化学物质等之间的传统障碍。在这个过程中，它揭示了令人惊讶的高压物理和化学，并创造了新的材料。本文介绍了用于达到超高静压的原理和方法：原位探针，待研究的物理现象，长期追求的目标，令人惊讶的发现，以及巨大的潜在机会。令人兴奋的例子包括对金属氢的探索，HnS中创纪录的203k超导温度，“自由电子气体”碱金属的复杂性，三维过渡元素的磁坍缩，拓扑绝缘体的压力诱导超导性，简单化合物的新化学测量，纳米科学的相互作用，750 GPa压力的实现等等。这些亮点是技术成果、具体措施和理论进步的综合成果；因此，相同的亮点将出现在对应这些不同方面的不同部分。总之，这篇综述表明高压研究是凝聚态物理的一个新的维度。
Pressure has long been recognized as a fundamental thermodynamic variable but its application was previously limited by the available pressure vessels and probes. The development of megabar diamond anvil cells and a battery of associated in-laboratory and synchrotron techniques at the turn of the century have opened a vast new window of opportunities. With the addition of the pressure dimension, we are facing a new world with an order of magnitude more materials to be discovered than all that have been explored at ambient pressure. Pressure drastically and categorically alters all elastic, electronic, magnetic, structural, and chemical properties, and pushes materials across conventional barriers between insulators and superconductors, amorphous and crystalline solids, ionic and covalent compounds, vigorously reactive and inert chemicals, etc. In the process, it reveals surprising high-pressure physics and chemistry and creates novel materials. This reviewdescribes the principles and methodology used to reach ultrahigh static pressure: the in situ probes, the physical phenomena to be investigated, the long-pursued goals, the surprising discoveries, and the vast potential opportunities. Exciting examples include the quest for metallic hydrogen, the record-breaking superconducting temperature of 203 K in HnS, the complication of "free-electron gas" alkali metals, the magnetic collapse in 3d transition elements, the pressure-induced superconductivity from topological insulators, the novel stoichiometry in simple compounds, the interaction of nanoscience, the accomplishment of 750 GPa pressure, etc. These highlights are the integral results of technological achievements, specific measurements, and theoretical advancement; therefore, the same highlightswill appear in different sections corresponding to these different aspects. Overall, this review demonstrates that high-pressure research is a new dimension in condensed-matter physics.