The Biogeochemistry of Submerged Soils
The Biogeochemistry of Submerged Soils
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DOI：
10.1002/047086303x
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发表时间：
2004-03
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
G. Kirk
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
G. Kirk
1.联合国儿童基金会引言.1.1全球范围内的淹没土壤和湿地.1.2生物地球化学特征.1.3淹没土壤的类型.1.3.1有机土壤.1.3.2矿物土壤.1.3.3土壤和地形之间的关系.2.在淹没土壤中的运输过程。2.1质量流量。2.2扩散。2.2.1在土壤中的扩散系数。2.2.2 pH值变化通过土壤的传播。2.3沸腾。2.4土壤动物的混合。固、液、气相之间溶质的交换。水.3.1水的组成.3.1.1酸和碱.3.1.2物种形成.3.1.3平衡计算.3.2 pH缓冲容量.3.3与气相的平衡.3.3.1洪水CO2动力学.3.4气-水界面的气体传输.3.4.1气-水界面的CO2传输。土壤3.5土壤中的固体表面3.6淹没土壤中的固体表面3.6.1淹没土壤中的有机物3.7固溶体相互作用3.7.1吸附3.7.2沉淀3.7.3固溶体中的共沉淀3.7.4抑制沉淀3.7.5固溶体相互作用方程4.还原和氧化.4.1氧化还原反应的热力学和动力学.4.1.1电子活性和自由能变化.4.1.2氧化还原电位.4.1.3 pe与氧化还原偶浓度之间的关系.4.1.4 pe-pH图.4.1.5微生物介导的反应能量学.4.2土壤中的氧化还原条件.4.2.1土壤中随深度的变化.4.2.2 4.2.3计算的pe变化，土壤还原过程中的pH和Fe 4.2.4土壤中氧化还原电位的测定4.3伴随氧化还原变化的营养元素的转化4.3.1碳的转化4.3.2氮的转化4.3.3硫的转化4.3.4磷的转化4.4还原土壤的氧化4.4.1动力学4.4.2在土壤中同时扩散和氧化。土壤和洪水中的生物过程.5.1微生物过程.5.1.1涉及顺序还原的过程.5.1.2硝酸盐还原.5.1.3铁和锰还原.5.1.4硫酸盐还原.5.1.5甲烷生成.5.1.6好氧过程.5.2宏观生物过程.5.2.1净初级生产和分解.5.2.2洪水-土壤系统.5.2.3洪水特性.5.2.4洪水植物群.5.2.5动物群.5.3生物多样性重要吗？6.根和根系圈的过程6.1缺氧和厌氧对植物根系的影响6.1.1对缺氧的适应6.1.2 Armstrong和Beckett的根系通气模型6.2湿地植物根系的结构6.2.1根系通气与养分吸收的模型6.2.2养分吸收所需的根表面积6.3湿地植物的养分吸收特性根.6.3.1根中的离子运输.6.3.2湿地根中的离子运输.6.4根引起的土壤变化.6.4.1芦苇球的氧化作用.6.4.2芦苇球中的pH分布图.6.5根引起的变化的后果.6.5.1硝化作用-反硝化作用在反硝化球。6.5.2磷酸盐的溶解。6.5.3锌的溶解。6.5.4阳离子的固定。6.6结论。营养素，毒素和污染物.7.1养分和酸度平衡.7.1.1稻田的养分平衡.7.1.2稻田的酸度平衡.7.1.3泥炭沼泽.7.1.4河岸湿地.7.1.5潮汐湿地.7.2毒素.7.2.1酸度.7.2.2铁毒性.7.2.3有机酸.7.2.4盐度.7.3微量元素.7.3.1全球循环微量元素.7.3.2通过土壤和植物根系的运输.7.3.1个别微量元素的迁移率.8. 8.1甲烷8.1.1全球预算8.1.2控制水稻甲烷排放的过程8.1.3模拟甲烷排放8.1.4估算区域尺度的排放8.1.5减少排放的可能性8.2氮氧化物8.2.1全球预算8.2.2控制水稻亚硝酸盐和一氧化氮排放的过程8.2.3水稻和玉米的差异生产系统。8.3氨。8.3.1全球预算。8.3.2控制稻米氨排放的过程。8.4硫化合物。8.4.1全球预算。8.4.2稻田排放。8.5碳封存。参考文献。索引。
Preface.Acknowledgements.1. Introduction.1.1 Global Extent of Submerged Soils and Wetlands.1.2 Biogeochemical Characteristics.1.3 Types of Submerged Soil.1.3.1 Organic Soils.1.3.2 Mineral Soils.1.3.3 Relation between Soils and Landform.2. Transport Processes in Submerged Soils.2.1 Mass Flow.2.2 Diffusion.2.2.1 Diffusion Coefficients in Soil.2.2.2 Propagation of pH Changes Through Soil.2.3 Ebullition.2.4 Mixing by Soil Animals.3. Interchange of Solutes between Solid, Liquid and Gas Phases.A. WATER.3.1 Composition of the Water.3.1.1 Acid and Bases.3.1.2 Speciation.3.1.3 Equilibrium Calculations.3.2 pH Buffer Capacity.3.3 Equilibrium with the Gas Phase.3.3.1 Floodwater CO2 Dynamics.3.4 Gas Transport Across the Air-Water Interface.3.4.1 CO2 Transfer Across the Air-Water Interface.B. SOIL.3.5 The Solid Surfaces in Soils.3.6 The Solid Surfaces in Submerged Soils.3.6.1 Organic Matter in Submerged Soils.3.7 Solid-Solution Interactions.3.7.1 Adsorption.3.7.2 Precipitation.3.7.3 Co-Precipitation in Solid Solutions.3.7.4 Inhibition of Precipitation.3.7.5 Equations for Solid-Solution Interactions.4. Reduction and Oxidation.4.1 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Redox Reactions.4.1.1 Electron Activities and Free Energy Changes.4.1.2 Redox Potentials.4.1.3 Relation between pe and Concentration of Redox Couples.4.1.4 pe-pH Diagrams.4.1.5 Energetics of Reactions Mediated by Microbes.4.2 Redox Conditions in Soils.4.2.1 Changes with Depth in the Soil.4.2.2 Changes with Time.4.2.3 Calculated Changes in pe, pH and Fe During Soil Reduction.4.2.4 Measurement of Redox Potential in Soil.4.3 Transformations of Nutrient Elements Accompanying Changes in Redox.4.3.1 Transformations of Carbon.4.3.2 Transformations of Nitrogen.4.3.3 Transformations of Sulfur.4.3.4 Transformations of Phosphorus.4.4 Oxidation of Reduced Soil.4.4.1 Kinetics of Fe2+ Oxidation.4.4.2 Simultaneous Diffusion and Oxidation in Soil.5. Biological Processes in the Soil and Floodwater.5.1 Microbiological Processes.5.1.1 Processes Involved in Sequential Reduction.5.1.2 Nitrate Reduction.5.1.3 Iron and Manganese Reduction.5.1.4 Sulfate Reduction.5.1.5 Methanogenesis.5.1.6 Aerobic Processes.5.2 Macrobiological Processes.5.2.1 Net Primary Production and Decomposition.5.2.2 The Floodwater-Soil System.5.2.3 Floodwater Properties.5.2.4 Floodwater Flora.5.2.5 Fauna.5.3 Is Biodiversity Important?6. Processes in Roots and the Rhizosphere.6.1 Effects of Anoxia and Anaerobicity on Plant Roots.6.1.1 Adaptations to Anoxia.6.1.2 Armstrong and Beckett's Model of Root Aeration.6.2 Architecture of Wetland Plant Root Systems.6.2.1 Model of Root Aeration versus Nutrient Absorption.6.2.2 Root Surface Required for Nutrient Absorption.6.3 Nutrient Absorption Properties of Wetland Plant Roots.6.3.1 Ion Transport in Roots.6.3.2 Ion Transport in Wetland Roots.6.4 Root-Induced Changes in the Soil.6.4.1 Oxygenation of the Rhizosphere.6.4.2 The pH Profile Across the Rhizosphere.6.5 Consequences of Root-induced Changes.6.5.1 Nitrification-Denitrification in the Rhizosphere.6.5.2 Solubilization of Phosphate.6.5.3 Solubilization of Zinc.6.5.4 Immobilization of Cations.6.6 Conclusions.7. Nutrients, Toxins and Pollutants.7.1 Nutrient and Acidity Balances.7.1.1 Nutrient Balances in Ricefields.7.1.2 Acidity Balances in Ricefields.7.1.3 Peat Bogs.7.1.4 Riparian Wetlands.7.1.5 Tidal Wetlands.7.2 Toxins.7.2.1 Acidity.7.2.2 Iron Toxicity.7.2.3 Organic Acids.7.2.4 Salinity.7.3 Trace Elements.7.3.1 Global Cycling of Trace Elements.7.3.2 Transport Through Soil and into Plant Roots.7.3.1 Mobilities of Individual Trace Elements.8. Trace Gases.8.1 Methane.8.1.1 Global Budget.8.1.2 Processes Governing Methane Emissions from Rice.8.1.3 Modelling Methane Emission.8.1.4 Estimating Emissions at the Regional Scale.8.1.5 Possibilities For Decreasing Emissions.8.2 Nitrogen Oxides.8.2.1 Global Budget.8.2.2 Processes Governing Nitrous and Nitric Oxide Emissions from Rice.8.2.3 Differences between Rice Production Systems.8.3 Ammonia.8.3.1 Global Budget.8.3.2 Processes Governing Ammonia Emissions from Rice.8.4 Sulfur Compounds.8.4.1 Global Budget.8.4.2 Emissions from Ricefields.8.5 Carbon Sequestration.References.Index.