The Division of Labor in Communication: Speakers Help Listeners Account for Asymmetries in Visual Perspective
The Division of Labor in Communication: Speakers Help Listeners Account for Asymmetries in Visual Perspective
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DOI：
10.1111/cogs.12926
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发表时间：
2021-03-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Goodman, Noah D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hawkins, Robert D.;Gweon, Hyowon;Goodman, Noah D.
最近关于成年人心理理论使用的争论因交流中观点采择的意外失败而加剧，这表明观点采择可能相对费力。然而，成年人在需要的时候通常会进行努力的过程。那么，演讲者和听众应该如何分配他们的资源来实现成功的沟通呢？我们开始的观察，沟通的共同目标导致自然分工：一个代理人选择分配的资源用于观点采择应该取决于他们对另一个分配的期望。我们正式这个想法在一个资源合理的模型，增加最近的概率加权帐户的机制（昂贵的）控制程度的观点。在一系列的模拟中，我们首先推导出一个中间程度的观点权重作为预期的成本和利益的观点之间的最佳权衡。然后，我们提出了两个行为实验测试我们的模型的新的预测。在实验1中，我们操纵的存在或不存在的闭塞在导演匹配任务。我们发现，扬声器自发调制的信息量，他们的描述占“已知的未知数”在他们的合作伙伴的私人视图，反映了更高程度的扬声器的观点比以前承认。在实验2中，我们比较了脚本的话语使用的同盟者在以前的工作与那些产生的互动与unscripted董事。我们发现，邦联系统的信息量比听众最初预期的闭塞的存在，但听众使用的违规行为，以适应随着时间的推移，使更少的错误。总的来说，我们的研究表明，人们不仅仅是“头脑失明”;他们使用上下文适当的期望来导航与他们的合作伙伴的劳动分工。我们讨论了如何资源合理的框架可以提供一个更深入的解释基础，理解灵活的视角下处理的限制。
Recent debates over adults' theory of mind use have been fueled by surprising failures of perspective-taking in communication, suggesting that perspective-taking may be relatively effortful. Yet adults routinely engage in effortful processes when needed. How, then, should speakers and listeners allocate their resources to achieve successful communication? We begin with the observation that the shared goal of communication induces a natural division of labor: The resources one agent chooses to allocate toward perspective-taking should depend on their expectations about the other's allocation. We formalize this idea in a resource-rational model augmenting recent probabilistic weighting accounts with a mechanism for (costly) control over the degree of perspective-taking. In a series of simulations, we first derive an intermediate degree of perspective weighting as an optimal trade-off between expected costs and benefits of perspective-taking. We then present two behavioral experiments testing novel predictions of our model. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the presence or absence of occlusions in a director-matcher task. We found that speakers spontaneously modulated the informativeness of their descriptions to account for "known unknowns" in their partner's private view, reflecting a higher degree of speaker perspective-taking than previously acknowledged. In Experiment 2, we then compared the scripted utterances used by confederates in prior work with those produced in interactions with unscripted directors. We found that confederates were systematically less informative than listeners would initially expect given the presence of occlusions, but listeners used violations to adaptively make fewer errors over time. Taken together, our work suggests that people are not simply "mindblind"; they use contextually appropriate expectations to navigate the division of labor with their partner. We discuss how a resource-rational framework may provide a more deeply explanatory foundation for understanding flexible perspective-taking under processing constraints.