Multiple paths to straths: A review and reassessment of terrace genesis
Multiple paths to straths: A review and reassessment of terrace genesis
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通往地层的多条路径：梯田起源的回顾和重新评估
DOI：
10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.03.028
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Duvall, Alison R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schanz, Sarah A.;Montgomery, David R.;Collins, Brian D.;Duvall, Alison R.
层状阶地是构造地貌学中的一个重要工具，被认为是气候、构造、火山和人类活动的结果，然而，连接外力和导致阶地形成的水道响应的途径是高度可变和复杂的。为了更好地了解强迫和阶地形成之间的路径的可变性和控制，我们从同行评议的文献中创建了一个包含421个层状阶地的综合数据库，并记录了层状时代和岩石类型，归因于强迫(气候、构造、火山或人类)或是否原因不明，以及强迫和层状切割或夷平之间的路径。在我们的汇编中，研究作者确定气候、构造、火山和人类分别是232(55%)、20(5%)、8(2%)和5(1%)层阶地的驱动力。其余156个(37%)梯田未发现强迫现象。用14种不同的方法确定了阶地的年代：在我们的数据库中，71%的阶地是用放射性碳法和光激发发光法测年的，这些方法确定了平整并给出了最大切割年龄；16%的梯田是用给出最小切割年龄的方法确定的；14%的梯田使用了各种方法，不能对切割年龄做出概括。大多数阶地研究使用夷年龄来理解阶地的形成，这突显了了解切割和夷平面阶段的相对时间尺度的必要性，到目前为止，只有少数研究对此进行了量化。总体而言，干旱区河流在间冰期流量和输沙能力增加时平坦，而温带河流在冰期或间冰期平坦，泥沙供应增加。流域间岩石强度的非均质性进一步控制了泥沙的产生方式和横坡的规划时间。在全球范围内，这些区域和分水岭控制导致在冰川周期的所有部分发生层状平整和切割。在我们的数据库中没有发现强迫的阶地在全新世晚期(4 kya-现在)达到最高频率，可能可以用区域森林砍伐和增加的人为火灾频率、区域活动构造和气候波动来解释。森林砍伐和火灾，通过减少对河流的木材供应，减少了河流沉积物的滞留，并可能将冲积河道转变为基岩，从而促进层状切割。我们数据库中突出的区域和分水岭对层状地层形成的控制，以及晚全新世人类对层状阶地形成的人为强迫的可能性，说明了明确建立强迫和层状阶地形成之间的通道，以准确解释层状地层形成的原因的重要性。
Strath terraces, an important tool in tectonic geomorphology, have been attributed to climatic, tectonic, volcanic, and human activity, yet the pathways connecting external forcings to the channel response leading to terrace formation are highly variable and complex. To better understand variability and controls on the pathways between forcing and terrace formation, we created a comprehensive database of 421 strath terraces from peer-reviewed literature and noted the strath age and rock type, the ascribed forcing (climate, tectonics, volcanoes, or humans) or whether the cause was unascribed, and the pathway between forcing and strath incision or planation. Study authors identify climate, tectonics, volcanoes, and humans as the forcing for 232 (55%), 20 (5%), 8 (2%), and 5 (1%) strath terraces in our compilation respectively. A forcing was not identified for the remaining 156 (37%) terraces. Strath terraces were dated using 14 different methods: 71% of terraces in our database are dated using methods, such as radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence, that date planation and give a maximum age of incision; 16% of terraces are dated with methods that give a minimum age of incision; and 14% use a variety of methods for which a generalization about incision age cannot be made. That the majority of terrace studies use planation ages to understand terrace formation highlights the necessity of knowing the relative timescales of incisional and planation phases, which has so far been quantified in only a handful of studies. In general, rivers in arid regions plane straths in interglacial periods when discharge and sediment transport capacity increase, whereas temperate rivers plane in glacial or interglacial periods when sediment supply increases. Heterogeneities in rock strength between watersheds further control how sediment is produced and when straths are planed. Globally, these regional and watershed controls result in strath planation and incision during all parts of the glacial cycle. Terraces with no identified forcing in our database reach a maximum frequency during the late Holocene (4 kya–present) and could potentially be explained by regional deforestation and increased anthropogenic fire frequency, regionally active tectonics, and climate fluctuations. Deforestation and fires, by reducing the supply of wood to streams, decrease instream sediment retention and could convert alluvial channels to bedrock, thus promoting strath incision. The regional and watershed controls on strath formation highlighted in our database, as well as the possibility of anthropogenic forcings on strath terrace formation in the late Holocene, illustrate the importance of explicitly establishing the pathway between forcing and strath terrace formation in order to accurately interpret the cause of strath formation.
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DOI：
--
发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
D. Montgomery;B. Collins;J. Buffington;T. Abbe
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影响因子：
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作者：
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2000
期刊：
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DOI：
--
发表时间：
1995
期刊：
影响因子：
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DOI：
--
发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
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作者：
D. Eden;A. Palmer;S. Cronin;M. Marden;K. Berryman
通讯作者：
K. Berryman