Biotemplated materials for sustainable energy and environment: current status and challenges.
Biotemplated materials for sustainable energy and environment: current status and challenges.
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DOI：
10.1002/cssc.201100048
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发表时间：
2011-10
期刊：
影响因子：
8.4
通讯作者：
Han Zhou;T. Fan;Di Zhang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Han Zhou;T. Fan;Di Zhang
材料科学将在进一步开发解决日益严重的能源和环境问题的新兴解决方案方面发挥关键作用。在自然界中发现的材料具有许多令人鼓舞的结构，如分层组织，周期性架构或纳米结构，这些结构赋予它们惊人的功能，如能量收集和转换，结构着色，超疏水性和生物自组装。生物模板是获得具有结构特异性、复杂性和相关独特功能的形态可控材料的有效策略。在此，我们重点介绍了能源和环境技术的六个关键领域，即光催化析氢，CO（2）还原，太阳能电池，锂离子电池，光催化降解和气体/蒸汽传感的生物模板材料的合成和应用。虽然应用各不相同，但一个共同的基本挑战是实现最佳结构以提高性能。我们强调的作用，四个典型的结构来自生物系统利用优化性能：层次（多孔）结构，周期性（多孔）结构，中空结构，和纳米结构。我们还提供了使用生物元素的例子（例如，C、Si、N、I、P、S）用于产生活性材料。最后，我们讨论了实现大规模商业应用所需性能的挑战，并为新材料或系统的仿生设计提供了一些有用的自然原型。重点是生物模板材料的结构效应和成分利用。
Materials science will play a key role in the further development of emerging solutions for the increasing problems of energy and environment. Materials found in nature have many inspiring structures, such as hierarchical organizations, periodic architectures, or nanostructures, that endow them with amazing functions, such as energy harvesting and conversion, antireflection, structural coloration, superhydrophobicity, and biological self-assembly. Biotemplating is an effective strategy to obtain morphology-controllable materials with structural specificity, complexity, and related unique functions. Herein, we highlight the synthesis and application of biotemplated materials for six key areas of energy and environment technologies, namely, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, CO(2) reduction, solar cells, lithium-ion batteries, photocatalytic degradation, and gas/vapor sensing. Although the applications differ from each other, a common fundamental challenge is to realize optimum structures for improved performances. We highlight the role of four typical structures derived from biological systems exploited to optimize properties: hierarchical (porous) structures, periodic (porous) structures, hollow structures, and nanostructures. We also provide examples of using biogenic elements (e.g., C, Si, N, I, P, S) for the creation of active materials. Finally, we disscuss the challenges of achieving the desired performance for large-scale commercial applications and provide some useful prototypes from nature for the biomimetic design of new materials or systems. The emphasis is mainly focused on the structural effects and compositional utilization of biotemplated materials.