Predictors of personal exposure to black carbon among women in southern semi-rural Mozambique
Predictors of personal exposure to black carbon among women in southern semi-rural Mozambique
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envint.2019.104962
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发表时间：
2019-10-01
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Tonne, Cathryn
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Curto, Ariadna;Donaire-Gonzalez, David;Tonne, Cathryn
撒哈拉以南非洲地区(SSA)的家庭能源使用不清洁燃料的比例最高，这可能导致燃烧不完全的产品损害健康。黑碳(BC)是与燃烧相关的低效颗粒物的有用标志；然而，在SSA中，环境空气质量数据和个人暴露于BC的时间模式很少。我们测量了环境元素碳(EC)，与BC相当，并测量了莫桑比克南部半农村地区育龄妇女个人对BC的暴露。我们使用大容量采样器和离线热光传输方法测量了一年(2014-2015)的环境EC。我们使用便携式显微血流仪(AE51)同时测量了202名妇女的5分钟分辨率24小时个人BC。我们使用反向逐步线性回归来确定经对数转换的24小时平均值和峰值(90%)个人BC暴露的预测因素。我们分析了187名年龄在16-46岁的不吸烟女性的数据。日平均环境电导率达到中等水平(0.9微克/米(3)，标准差，标准差：0.6微克/米(3))，日平均个人BC达到较高水平(15微克/米(3)，标准差：19微克/米(3))。个人暴露的每日模式显示，由于煤油照明，下午6点至7点(>；35微克/米(3))达到高峰。个人平均和峰值BC暴露的关键决定因素是光源、厨房类型、环境EC水平和温度。这项研究强调了在无法获得清洁家庭能源的人群中，光源对个人暴露于燃烧颗粒的重要贡献。
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has the highest proportion of people using unclean fuels for household energy, which can result in products of incomplete combustion that are damaging for health. Black carbon (BC) is a useful marker of inefficient combustion-related particles; however, ambient air quality data and temporal patterns of personal exposure to BC in SSA are scarce. We measured ambient elemental carbon (EC), comparable to BC, and personal exposure to BC in women of childbearing age from a semi-rural area of southern Mozambique. We measured ambient EC over one year (2014-2015) using a high-volume sampler and an off-line thermo-opticaltransmission method. We simultaneously measured 5-min resolved 24-h personal BC using a portable MicroAeth (AE51) in 202 women. We used backwards stepwise linear regression to identify predictors of log-transformed 24-h mean and peak (90th percentile) personal BC exposure. We analyzed data from 187 non-smoking women aged 16-46 years. While daily mean ambient EC reached moderate levels (0.9 mu g/m(3), Standard Deviation, SD: 0.6 mu g/m(3)), daily mean personal BC reached high levels (15 mu g/m(3), SD: 19 mu g/m(3)). Daily patterns of personal exposure revealed a peak between 6 and 7 pm (> 35 mu g/m(3)), attributable to kerosene-based lighting. Key determinants of mean and peak personal exposure to BC were lighting source, kitchen type, ambient EC levels, and temperature. This study highlights the important contribution of lighting sources to personal exposure to combustion particles in populations that lack access to clean household energy.