Children's travel to school-the interaction of individual, neighbourhood and school factors
Children's travel to school-the interaction of individual, neighbourhood and school factors
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DOI：
10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.05.023
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发表时间：
2015-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
6.8
通讯作者：
Ferrari, Ed
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Easton, Sue;Ferrari, Ed
近几十年来，从家到中学的平均距离增加了，同时，与步行或骑自行车相比，骑机动车上学的学生比例也显著增加。最近，这种旅行模式的转变受到了相当大的关注，因为身体活动水平的下降，越来越多的汽车依赖和儿童肥胖“危机”已经将对后代健康的担忧推到了公共卫生议程上，特别是在美国，也在英国和欧洲。这导致国际研究激增，研究与儿童积极上学有关的各种个人、学校和空间特征，一些政府将其作为扭转这一趋势的潜在银弹。然而，迄今为止，全国学生普查数据，其中包括所有英语学生的年度数据，包括上学的交通方式变量，在分析学生如何通勤上学时没有得到充分利用。此外，在方法上，数据的分组性质，即学生集中在学校和居民区往往被忽视-这一遗漏可能对模型的统计估计产生相当大的影响。本文介绍的研究旨在通过分析2009-10学年期间在英国谢菲尔德上学的所有26，709名中学生（11-16岁）的学生人口普查数据来解决这两点。个别学生的数据分组内的学校，和邻里，在一个交叉分类的多层次模型的积极与机动化的模式通勤到学校。研究结果支持了其他研究的结果，即距离学校是关键，但也表明社区和学校内的社会空间聚集也很关键。进一步的发现是，上学的距离因种族而异，白色英国学生的上学距离是所有种族中最短的。这些研究结果对教育和交通政策的影响进行了讨论。(C)2015年，作者。由爱思唯尔有限公司出版。这是一篇开放获取的文章，使用CC BY许可证（http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/）。
The increase in average distance from home to secondary school over recent decades has been accompanied by a significant growth in the proportion of pupils travelling to school by motorized means as opposed to walking or cycling. More recently this switch in travel mode has received considerable attention as declining levels of physical activity, growing car dependence and the childhood obesity "crisis" have pushed concerns about the health of future generations up the public health agenda, particularly in the U.S., but also in the UK and Europe. This has led to a proliferation of international studies researching a variety of individual, school and spatial characteristics associated with children's active travel to school which has been targeted by some governments as a potential silver bullet to reverse the trend. However, to date national pupil census data, which comprises annual data on all English pupils, including a mode of travel to school variable, has been under-utilised in the analysis of how pupils commute to school. Furthermore, methodologically, the grouped nature of the data with pupils clustered within both schools and residential neighbourhoods has often been ignored - an omission which can have considerable consequences for the statistical estimation of the model. The research presented here seeks to address both of these points by analysing pupil census data on all 26,709 secondary pupils (aged 11-16) who attended schools in Sheffield, UK during the 2009-10 school year. Individual pupil data is grouped within school, and neighbourhood, within a cross-classified multilevel model of active versus motorised modes of commuting to school. The results support the findings of other research that distance to school is key, but suggest that sociospatial clustering within neighbourhoods and schools is also critical. A further finding is that distance to school varies significantly by ethnicity, with white British pupils travelling the shortest distance of all ethnic groups. The implications of these findings for education and transport policy are discussed. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).