Coping with hygiene in South Africa, a water scarce country
Coping with hygiene in South Africa, a water scarce country
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DOI：
10.1080/0960312031000102859
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发表时间：
2003-06-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Zietsman, I
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Duse, AG;da Silva, MP;Zietsman, I
采取有效的感染控制措施，可以减轻传染病的负担。其中一些依赖于提供充足和安全的水供应，以维持个人、家庭和医疗卫生的基本标准。重点介绍了南非稀缺、有时不安全的水供应的后果，包括与医疗保健相关的感染、社区获得性传染性肠道疾病和作为感染源的家庭做法。超过67%的南非市政医院和初级卫生保健设施(12.5%的卫星诊所用水车送水，5%的水来自河流或大坝，12.4%的水依赖雨水)的可获得性并不一定能保证水的质量可以安全使用。在北部省和姆普马兰加，分别有14.4%和33%的卫星诊所需要在使用水之前进行净化。可以实施简单、低维护和低成本的干预措施，以最大限度地利用和安全有限的水资源：通过在阳光充足的环境中直接暴露于紫外线来灭活微生物(沙门氏菌)，通过过滤机制净化水，并利用社区中的铁锅进行巴氏杀菌、去污和煮沸程序。教育在促进健康的家庭食品处理做法、改变对卫生的文化观念、洗手技术和家庭环境净化机制方面至关重要。供水与卫生等其他相互关联的因素是分不开的。虽然本届政府已采取行动，在2002年将无法获得水的人数减少了50%，但提供卫生设施的速度一直较慢(2002年卫生设施不足38%)。政府采取了综合环境管理办法，并结合社区参与(清洁卫生运动--2002年)，旨在解决卫生问题。
The burden of infectious diseases may be reduced by adopting effective infection control measures. Some of these are dependent on the provision of adequate and safe water supplies for maintenance of basic standards of personal, domestic and healthcare hygiene. Consequences of scarce, and sometimes unsafe, waters supplies in South Africa are highlighted with reference to healthcare-associated infections, community acquired infectious intestinal diseases and domestic practices as infection sources. Availability of water in more than 67% of South African municipal hospitals and primary health care facilities (delivered by water tanker in 12.5% of satellite clinics, 5% from river or dam sources, 12.4% relying on rainwater) does not necessarily guarantee that it's quality is safe for utilisation. In the Northern Province and Mpumalanga, water needs to be purified prior to usage in 14.4 and 33% of satellite clinics respectively. Simple, low maintenance and low-cost interventions to maximise use and safety of limited water resources may be implemented: micro-organism (S. dysenteriae) inactivation by direct UV-exposure in sunlight abundant environments, water purification by filtration mechanisms and making use of iron pots in the community for pasteurisation, decontamination and boiling procedures. Education is paramount in promoting healthy domestic food handling practices, changing cultural perceptions of hygiene, hand-washing technique and mechanisms of domestic environmental decontamination. Water provision cannot be separated from other inter-related factors such as sanitation. Although the present government has taken initiatives to reduce the number of people not having access to water by 50% in 2002, provision of sanitation has been slower (>38% inadequate sanitation in 2002). Adoption of integrated environmental management approaches in conjunction with community participation (WASH Campaign-2002), by the government, aims to address the sanitation problems.