Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations
Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations
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DOI：
10.1016/j.tra.2015.04.003
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发表时间：
2015-07-01
影响因子：
6.4
通讯作者：
Kockelman, Kara
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Fagnant, Daniel J.;Kockelman, Kara
自动驾驶汽车（AVs）对我们的交通系统来说是一个潜在的颠覆性但有益的变化。这项新技术有可能影响车辆安全、交通拥堵和出行行为。总而言之，自动驾驶汽车对社会的主要影响包括减少事故、减少旅行时间、提高燃油效率和停车效益，估计每辆自动驾驶汽车每年可带来近2000美元的社会效益，如果算上综合事故成本，最终可能接近4000美元。然而，实施和大众市场渗透的障碍仍然存在。初期成本可能难以承受。美国的许可和测试标准是在州一级制定的，而不是在全国范围内制定的，这可能会导致各州之间的不一致。责任细节仍未明确，安全担忧挥之不去，如果没有新的隐私标准，个人旅行默认的隐私缺失可能会成为常态。与运输系统其他组成部分的影响和相互作用，以及实施细节，仍然不确定。为了解决这些问题，联邦政府应该扩大在这些领域的研究，并为自动驾驶汽车创建一个全国认可的许可框架，确定适当的责任、安全和数据隐私标准。(C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd.版权所有。
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) represent a potentially disruptive yet beneficial change to our transportation system. This new technology has the potential to impact vehicle safety, congestion, and travel behavior. All told, major social AV impacts in the form of crash savings, travel time reduction, fuel efficiency and parking benefits are estimated to approach $2000 to per year per AV, and may eventually approach nearly $4000 when comprehensive crash costs are accounted for. Yet barriers to implementation and mass-market penetration remain. Initial costs will likely be unaffordable. Licensing and testing standards in the U.S. are being developed at the state level, rather than nationally, which may lead to inconsistencies across states. Liability details remain undefined, security concerns linger, and without new privacy standards, a default lack of privacy for personal travel may become the norm. The impacts and interactions with other components of the transportation system, as well as implementation details, remain uncertain. To address these concerns, the federal government should expand research in these areas and create a nationally recognized licensing framework for AVs, determining appropriate standards for liability, security, and data privacy. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.