Overview of environmental and occupational vanadium exposure and associated health outcomes: An article based on a presentation at the 8th International Symposium on Vanadium Chemistry, Biological Chemistry, and Toxicology, Washington DC, August 15-18, 2012
Overview of environmental and occupational vanadium exposure and associated health outcomes: An article based on a presentation at the 8th International Symposium on Vanadium Chemistry, Biological Chemistry, and Toxicology, Washington DC, August 15-18, 2012
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DOI：
10.3109/1547691x.2013.789940
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发表时间：
2014-01-01
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Altamirano-Lozano, M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fortoul, T. I.;Rojas-Lemus, M.;Altamirano-Lozano, M.
钒(V)具有多种用途，适合用于陶瓷生产和装饰、各种产品的颜料生产、油漆干燥的促进剂、苯胺黑染料的生产，以及用作纺织品着色的媒染剂。利用其硬度、弹性、形成合金的能力和耐腐蚀性，V还用于工具、钢铁、机械和外科植入物的生产。V用于生产照相显影剂、电池和半导体，以及基于催化剂的回收工艺。随着技术的发展，V在喷气式飞机和空间技术中的使用有所增加，并在制造紫外线滤光玻璃以防止辐射伤害方面有所增加。由于这些用途繁多，职业性接触V的可能性是显而易见的。同样，V制剂本身或作为释放到环境中的副产品的组成部分，也增加了环境污染的风险。例如，在硫酸生产中使用V会导致释放富含五氧化二钒的烟尘和/或飞灰。炼油厂、富V钢合金的冶炼、焊接和切割、燃油锅炉的清洁和维修以及化工产品的催化作用，都是本地/偏远环境中空气中含钒颗粒物增加的其他来源。非工作人员接触V是一个日益严重的健康问题。研究表明，暴露在空气中的含V颗粒(作为空气污染的一部分)与高血压、心律失常、全身炎症、高凝状态、癌症和支气管高反应性等各种病理疾病的风险增加之间存在关联。本文将对V在职业环境中的使用历史、记录的暴露水平、与污染有关的V的环境水平、与V暴露相关的流行病学数据(S)以及政府为保护工人和非工人免受这种金属的暴露而采取的措施进行综述。
Vanadium (V) has a variety of applications that make it suitable for use in ceramic production and decoration, production of pigments for a variety of products, an accelerator for drying paint, production of aniline black dye, and as a mordant in coloring textiles. Taking advantage of its hardness, resilience, ability to form alloys, and its resistance to corrosion, V is also used in the production of tools, steel, machinery, and surgical implants. V is employed in producing photographic developers, batteries, and semi-conductors, and in catalyst-based recycling processes. As technologies have evolved, the use of V has increased in jet aircraft and space technology, as well as in manufacture of ultraviolet filter glass to prevent radiation injury. Due to these myriad uses, the potential for occupational exposure to V is ever-evident. Similarly, there is an increased risk for environmental contamination by V agents themselves or as components of by-products released into the environment. For example, the use of V in sulfuric acid production results in the release of soot and/or fly ash rich in vanadium pentoxide. Petroleum refinery, smelting, welding, and cutting of V-rich steel alloy, the cleaning and repair of oil-fired boilers, and catalysis of chemical productions are other sources of increased airborne V-bearing particles in local/distant environments. Exposure of non-workers to V is an increasing health concern. Studies have demonstrated associations between exposure to airborne V-bearing particles (as part of air pollution) and increased risks of a variety of pathologies like hypertension, dysrhythmia, systemic inflammation, hyper-coagulation, cancers, and bronchial hyper-reactivity. This paper will provide a review of the history of V usage in occupational settings, documented exposure levels, environmental levels of V associated with pollution, epidemiologic data relating V exposure(s) to adverse health outcomes, and governmental responses to protect both workers and non-workers from exposure to this metal.