Association of Methamphetamine and Opioid Use With Nonfatal Overdose in Rural Communities.

Association of Methamphetamine and Opioid Use With Nonfatal Overdose in Rural Communities.
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DOI:
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26544
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发表时间:
2022-08-01
期刊:
影响因子:
13.8
通讯作者:
--
中科院分区:
医学1区
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在农村社区,甲基苯丙胺和阿片类药物使用与非致命性过量相关的频率如何?在这项对农村社区的跨部门、多州研究中,79%的吸毒者报告了过去30天的甲基苯丙胺使用情况;同时使用甲基苯丙胺和阿片类药物的人(22%)与单独使用阿片类药物的人(14%)或单独使用甲基苯丙胺的人(6%)相比,非致命性过量最多。使用这两种物质的人报告获得治疗的机会最少;仅使用甲基苯丙胺的人中只有17%使用纳洛酮。这些研究结果表明,减少危害和药物使用障碍治疗干预措施必须解决甲基苯丙胺的使用以及阿片类药物,以减少农村社区的过量使用。这项横断面研究估计了美国农村社区使用毒品的人中甲基苯丙胺使用的流行率及其相关性。在美国,药物过量继续增加,但甲基苯丙胺使用的贡献在农村社区研究不足。估计美国农村社区使用药物(PWUD)的人群中甲基苯丙胺使用的流行率及其相关性,并确定甲基苯丙胺的使用是否与非致命性过量增加有关。从2018年1月到2020年3月,国家农村阿片类药物倡议在10个州(伊利诺伊州、肯塔基州、新罕布什尔州、马萨诸塞州、北卡罗来纳州、俄亥俄州、俄勒冈州、佛蒙特州、西弗吉尼亚州和威斯康星州)的农村社区进行了PWUD横断面调查。参与者包括农村PWUD,他们报告了过去30天的注射药物使用或非注射阿片类药物使用以获得高。一个修改后的链转介抽样策略确定种子谁介绍他人使用药物。数据分析于二零二一年五月至二零二二年一月进行。单独使用甲基苯丙胺,单独使用阿片类药物,或两者兼而有之。甲基苯丙胺使用的未加权和加权流行率、任何过去180天的非致命性过量和终生非致命性过量的数量。在3048名参与者中,1737名(57%)为男性,2576名(85%)为白色,225名(7.4%)为美洲印第安人;平均(SD)年龄为36(10)岁。大多数参与者(2970名使用任何阿片类药物或甲基苯丙胺的参与者中的1878名[63%])报告了甲基苯丙胺和阿片类药物的共同使用,其次是阿片类药物单独使用(702名参与者[24%])和甲基苯丙胺单独使用(390名参与者[13%])。甲基苯丙胺使用的估计未加权流行率为80%(95% CI,64%-90%),估计加权流行率为79%(95% CI,57%-91%)。使用甲基苯丙胺和阿片类药物的人(2854名参与者中有395名参与者有非缺失的过量数据[22%])与单独使用阿片类药物(99名参与者[14%])或单独使用甲基苯丙胺(23名参与者[6%])相比,非致命性过量最多。与单独使用阿片类药物(校正比值比,1.45; 95% CI,1.08-1.94; P = .01)和单独使用甲基苯丙胺(校正比值比,3.26; 95% CI,2.06-5.14; P < .001)相比,甲基苯丙胺和阿片类药物联合使用与更大的非致命性过量相关。合并用药者的平均值(SD)为2.4(第4.2条)(中位数[IQR],1 [0-3])终生用药过量,而1.7(3.5)(中位数[IQR],0 [0-2])(校正率比,1.20; 95%CI,1.01-1.43; P = 0.04)和1.1(2.9)(中位数[IQR],0 [0-1])在单独使用甲基苯丙胺的患者中(校正率比,1.81; 95%CI,1.45-2.27; P <0.001)。有共同使用的参与者最常报告曾尝试和未能获得物质使用治疗:827名参与者(44%)两者,117名参与者(30%)单独使用甲基苯丙胺,252名参与者(36%)单独使用阿片类药物(χ22 = 33.8; P < .001)。只有66名(17%)单独使用甲基苯丙胺的参与者使用纳洛酮。这些研究结果表明,减少危害和药物使用障碍治疗干预措施必须解决甲基苯丙胺和阿片类药物,以减少农村社区的过量使用。
How frequently are methamphetamine and opioid use associated with nonfatal overdose in rural communities? In this cross-sectional, multistate study of rural communities, 79% of people using drugs reported past-30-day methamphetamine use; nonfatal overdose was greatest in people using both methamphetamine and opioids (22%) vs opioids alone (14%), or methamphetamine alone (6%). People using both substances reported the least access to treatment; only 17% of those using methamphetamine alone had naloxone. These findings suggest that harm reduction and substance use disorder treatment interventions must address methamphetamine use as well as opioids to decrease overdose in rural communities. This cross-sectional study estimates the prevalence of methamphetamine use and its correlates among people who use drugs in rural US communities. Overdoses continue to increase in the US, but the contribution of methamphetamine use is understudied in rural communities. To estimate the prevalence of methamphetamine use and its correlates among people who use drugs (PWUD) in rural US communities and to determine whether methamphetamine use is associated with increased nonfatal overdoses. From January 2018 through March 2020, the National Rural Opioid Initiative conducted cross-sectional surveys of PWUD in rural communities in 10 states (Illinois, Kentucky, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin). Participants included rural PWUD who reported any past-30-day injection drug use or noninjection opioid use to get high. A modified chain-referral sampling strategy identified seeds who referred others using drugs. Data analysis was performed from May 2021 to January 2022. Use of methamphetamine alone, opioids alone, or both. Unweighted and weighted prevalence of methamphetamine use, any past-180-day nonfatal overdose, and number of lifetime nonfatal overdoses. Among the 3048 participants, 1737 (57%) were male, 2576 (85%) were White, and 225 (7.4%) were American Indian; the mean (SD) age was 36 (10) years. Most participants (1878 of 2970 participants with any opioid or methamphetamine use [63%]) reported co-use of methamphetamine and opioids, followed by opioids alone (702 participants [24%]), and methamphetamine alone (390 participants [13%]). The estimated unweighted prevalence of methamphetamine use was 80% (95% CI, 64%-90%), and the estimated weighted prevalence was 79% (95% CI, 57%-91%). Nonfatal overdose was greatest in people using both methamphetamine and opioids (395 of 2854 participants with nonmissing overdose data [22%]) vs opioids alone (99 participants [14%]) or methamphetamine alone (23 participants [6%]). Co-use of methamphetamine and opioids was associated with greater nonfatal overdose compared with opioid use alone (adjusted odds ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.08-1.94; P = .01) and methamphetamine use alone (adjusted odds ratio, 3.26; 95% CI, 2.06-5.14; P < .001). Those with co-use had a mean (SD) of 2.4 (4.2) (median [IQR], 1 [0-3]) lifetime overdoses compared with 1.7 (3.5) (median [IQR], 0 [0-2]) among those using opioids alone (adjusted rate ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01-1.43; P = .04), and 1.1 (2.9) (median [IQR], 0 [0-1]) among those using methamphetamine alone (adjusted rate ratio, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.45-2.27; P < .001). Participants with co-use most often reported having tried and failed to access substance use treatment: 827 participants (44%) for both, 117 participants (30%) for methamphetamine alone, and 252 participants (36%) for opioids alone (χ22 = 33.8; P < .001). Only 66 participants (17%) using methamphetamine alone had naloxone. These findings suggest that harm reduction and substance use disorder treatment interventions must address both methamphetamine and opioids to decrease overdose in rural communities.
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