Climate Change and Tritrophic Interactions: Will Modifications to Greenhouse Gas Emissions Increase the Vulnerability of Herbivorous Insects to Natural Enemies?
Climate Change and Tritrophic Interactions: Will Modifications to Greenhouse Gas Emissions Increase the Vulnerability of Herbivorous Insects to Natural Enemies?
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DOI：
10.1093/ee/nvu019
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发表时间：
2015-04-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Verheggen, Francois J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Boullis, Antoine;Francis, Frederic;Verheggen, Francois J.
昆虫高度依赖于释放到环境中的气味线索来定位同种或食物来源。这种机制对于依赖猎物释放的利它素来检测它们的昆虫捕食者来说尤其重要。在气候变化的背景下，更具体地说，大气中的气体成分的变化，植食性昆虫害虫，其宿主植物和天敌之间的化学通讯介导的相互作用可能会受到影响。一些报告表明，二氧化碳和臭氧浓度升高引起的植物变异可能间接影响食草昆虫，对这一群体的群落水平的变异可能对更高的营养水平产生间接影响。温室气体浓度升高下农业害虫对其天敌的脆弱性经常被报道，但得到的结果相互矛盾。这篇文献综述表明，在大多数已发表的研究中，预测未来世纪的二氧化碳水平较高，不会提高天敌定位宿主或猎物的丰度或效率。臭氧水平的增加导致草食动物引起的挥发性有机化合物（VOC）的修改被损坏的植物，这可能会影响这些草食动物的吸引力的第三营养级释放。此外，其他氧化性气体（如SO2和NO2）往往会减少天敌的丰度。大气气体排放的变化对植物-昆虫和昆虫-昆虫化学通讯的影响一直没有得到充分的记录，尽管这些机制在三营养相互作用中具有重要意义。最后，我们提出了一些进一步的前景，这一课题的研究还有待调查。
Insects are highly dependent on odor cues released into the environment to locate conspecifics or food sources. This mechanism is particularly important for insect predators that rely on kairomones released by their prey to detect them. In the context of climate change and, more specifically, modifications in the gas composition of the atmosphere, chemical communication-mediating interactions between phytophagous insect pests, their host plants, and their natural enemies is likely to be impacted. Several reports have indicated that modifications to plants caused by elevated carbon dioxide and ozone concentrations might indirectly affect insect herbivores, with community-level modifications to this group potentially having an indirect influence on higher trophic levels. The vulnerability of agricultural insect pests toward their natural enemies under elevated greenhouse gases concentrations has been frequently reported, but conflicting results have been obtained. This literature review shows that the higher levels of carbon dioxide, as predicted for the coming century, do not enhance the abundance or efficiency of natural enemies to locate hosts or prey in most published studies. Increased ozone levels lead to modifications in herbivore-induced volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by damaged plants, which may impact the attractiveness of these herbivores to the third trophic level. Furthermore, other oxidative gases (such as SO2 and NO2) tend to reduce the abundance of natural enemies. The impact of changes in atmospheric gas emissions on plant-insect and insect-insect chemical communication has been under-documented, despite the significance of these mechanisms in tritrophic interactions. We conclude by suggesting some further prospects on this topic of research yet to be investigated.