Dating bloodstains with fluorescence lifetime measurements.
Dating bloodstains with fluorescence lifetime measurements.
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DOI：
10.1002/chem.201102935
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发表时间：
2012-01-27
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Berezin, Mikhail Y.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Guo, Kevin;Achilefu, Samuel;Berezin, Mikhail Y.
1871年5月，在伦敦的埃尔瑟姆区，一名年轻女子被发现严重受伤，她的头部被石膏锤残忍地砸碎。其中一处伤口撕裂了颞动脉，导致大量出血。几天后，一名20岁的男子被捕，他是她的朋友和所谓的情人。在他的衬衫上发现了许多小血点。这起案件的检验员、法医血液光谱分析的先驱之一勒瑟比博士拒绝给衬衫上的血迹指定日期，也拒绝将被告与谋杀案联系起来。“我不能说出这些血迹的日期，我不敢说--我不能确定血迹可能沾到东西上的任何时间”[1]。这一陈述压倒了其他证据，这名男子被释放，被称为埃尔瑟姆谋杀案的罪行仍然是一个谜。在那之后很久，在2008年，佛罗里达州巡回法院的一名法官主持了一起刑事案件，裁定“没有科学上公认的方法来确定血迹的年龄”[2]。法官批准了被告的动议，禁止就犯罪现场发现的鲜血提供证词，并要求用狗血来验证分析。这两个例子说明了血迹测年在刑事司法中的重要作用。在过去的200年里，刑事调查人员探索了各种方法来建立可靠的定量方法，从19世纪中叶的TOC所示的血迹颜色的评估、红球的显微分析和水的溶解度[3]，到21世纪的电化学[4]、电子顺磁共振[5]、原子力显微镜[6]、聚合物链式反应[7]和光学光谱学[8]。然而，尽管相关的血迹技术取得了巨大的努力和明显的进步，如计算机化的血滴分析[9]，但基于超灵敏质谱仪的血液化学成分[10]和DNA/RNA指纹[11]血迹测年仍然是一个尚未解决的挑战。
In May 1871, a young woman was found severely injured in the Eltham district of London, her head brutally smashed with a plaster's hammer. One of the wounds divided the temporal artery, resulting in a large discharge of blood. Several days later, a 20-year old man, her friend and alleged lover, was arrested. Numerous small spots of blood were found on his shirt. The examiner of the case, Dr. Letheby, one of the pioneers of forensic spectral analysis of blood, declined to assign a date to the bloodstains on the shirt and connect the defendant to the murder.“I could not tell the date of these stains, I don't profess to do so—I could not fix any time at which the blood might have got upon the things”[1]. This statement outweighed the other evidence, the man was sent free, and the crime known as the Eltham murder remains a mystery. Long after that, in 2008, a Florida circuit court judge presiding over a criminal case ruled that “there is no scientifically accepted method of determining the age of a bloodstain”[2]. The judge granted the defendant's motion to bar testimony concerning the “freshness” of blood found at the crime scene and requested to validate the analysis with dog blood.These two examples illustrate the important role of bloodstain dating in criminal justice. In the last two hundred years, criminal investigators explored a variety of approaches to establish a reliable quantitative method, from the evaluation of bloodstain colour as shown in TOC, microscopic analysis of red corpuscles and a water solubility scale in the middle of the 19th century [3], to electrochemistry [4], electron paramagnetic resonance [5], atomic force microscopy [6], polymer chain reaction [7], and optical spectroscopy [8] in the 21st century. However, despite large efforts and obvious progress in related bloodstain techniques exemplified by computerized blood splatter analysis [9], ultra-sensitive mass-spectrometry based chemical composition of blood [10] and DNA/RNA fingerprinting [11] bloodstain dating remains an unsolved challenge.
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