Article Commentary: Orientation-Dependent Mechanisms in Shape Recognition: Further Issues
Article Commentary: Orientation-Dependent Mechanisms in Shape Recognition: Further Issues
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文章评论：形状识别中的方向相关机制：进一步的问题
DOI：
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发表时间：
1991
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Pinker
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Tarr;S. Pinker
Tarr 和 Pinker (1989, 1990) 描述了形状的方向影响受试者识别它所需的时间的条件。发现相对较大的方向影响（1）当错误定向的不对称形状不熟悉时，以及（2）当熟悉的不对称形状出现在不熟悉的方向时。相比之下，（1）当熟悉的不对称形状出现在熟悉的方向时，（2）当熟悉的不对称形状的不熟悉的镜像反转出现在不熟悉的方向时，（3）方向错误的对称形状，无论它们是不熟悉的还是熟悉的，以及（4）方向错误的双边冗余形状，无论它们是不熟悉的还是熟悉的，方向的影响相对较小或没有发现的影响。为了解释这些数据，必须解决两个问题：哪些心理过程是定向或定向缺失的巨大影响的基础？为什么这两种数据模式依赖于熟悉度、惯用手和形状几何的操作？在 Tarr 和 Pinker（1989，1990）中，我们提出了一种理论，同时回答了这两个问题（当观察到非常小的方向影响时使用什么过程，以及何时使用这些过程）。多视图加变换理论表明，方向对形状识别的巨大影响是由于心理旋转造成的。至关重要的是，这个结论不仅基于方向效应的存在，而且基于我们的旋转速率与 Shepard 和 Cooper (1982) 实验中观察到的速率之间的相似性。这些实验使用独立的证据来证明增量心理旋转转变的存在，并不局限于定向的影响，而是取决于聚合操作，例如对中间定向和呈现点的探针的响应时间、预先信息和准备时间的影响以及其他技术。我们认为，方向不存在如此大的影响可能是由三种方向不变机制造成的：在熟悉的方向上对熟悉的形状进行特定的方向表示； 180° 深度旋转，使不熟悉的镜像反转与熟悉的标准保持一致； Vi D 对称和双边冗余形状的与方向无关的描述。这些假设不仅解释了心理旋转大小方向缺失的原因
Tarr and Pinker (1989, 1990) delineated the conditions in which the orientation of a shape affects the time subjects take to recognize it. Relatively large effects of orientation were found (1) when misoriented asymmetrical shapes were unfamiliar, and (2) when familiar asymmetrical shapes appeared in unfamiliar orientations. In contrast, relatively small effects or no effect of orientation were found (1) when familiar asymmetrical shapes appeared at familiar orientations, (2) when unfamiliar mirror-reversals of familiar asymmetrical shapes appeared at unfamiliar orientations, (3) for misoriented symmetrical shapes, whether they were unfamiliar or familiar, and (4) for misoriented bilaterally redundant shapes, whether they were unfamiliar or familiar. To account for these data, two questions must be addressed: What mental processes underlie large effects of orientation or their absence; and why do these two patterns of data depend on manipulations of familiarity, handedness, and shape geometry? In Tarr and Pinker (1989, 1990) we proposed a theory that simultaneously answered both of these questions {what processes are used when very small effects of orientation are observed, and when are these processes used). The theory, multiple-views-plus-transformation, suggests that large effects of orientation in shape recognition are due to mental rotation. Crucially, this conclusion is based not only on the presence of an orientation effect, but on the similarity between our rotation rates and the rates observed in experiments by Shepard and Cooper (1982). These experiments used independent evidence to demonstrate the existence of an incremental mental rotation transformation, not confined to the effects of orientation, but depending on converging manipulations such as response time to probes at intermediate orientations and presentation points, effects of advance information and preparation time, and other techniques. We suggested that the absence of such large effects of orientation may result from orientation-invariant mechanisms of three kinds: orientation-specific representations of familiar shapes at familiar orientations; a 180° rotation in depth to align unfamiliar mirror-reversals with their familiar standards; and Vi D orientation-independent descriptions for symmetrical and bilaterally redundant shapes. Together these hypotheses not only explain the causes of the absence of mental-rotation-size orientation