Comparative mammalian sound localization
Comparative mammalian sound localization
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DOI：
10.1007/0-387-28863-5_5
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发表时间：
2005-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
May, BJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brown, CH;May, BJ
在自然环境中，竞争对手、捕食者、亲戚、配偶或猎物的接近可以通过声学环境中的微妙波动来传达。在许多情况下，对入侵者的早期检测很可能不是通过由于其幅度或频率组成而不寻常或不常见的声音来传达的，而是通过主要因为它发生在声学景观中“不适当”的位置而独特的声音来传达的。在这里，一个人的生存能力并不取决于异常的声音检测能力，而是取决于声音定位系统，该系统允许听者轻松而警惕地跟踪表示安全或危险的声音源的相对位置。此外，对于许多鸟类和哺乳动物来说，缺乏“安全”声音可能与存在“不安全”声音一样重要。因为入侵者的接近可能会通过意外声音的产生或之前以某种规则模式持续或持续的“预期”声音突然停止而暴露。不隐秘的动作会扰乱蝉鸣声、鸟儿或其他动物的声音，一片寂静的涟漪可能会在整个景观中蔓延，表明有东西（或某人）就在附近。从生物学角度来看，最微妙的声学变化可能是最能说明问题的。笨拙的捕食者很容易挨饿，而进化的优势已经被赋予了大多数动物快速辨别不属于的声音的位置（或那些确实属于的声音意外停止的位置）的能力。在生存斗争中，确定信号来源的重要性可能等于或超过能够识别声音或能够识别干扰者的重要性。正是在这种生物学背景下，声音定位的机制得以进化，并且通过地球上动物的演替过程，许多物种的声音定位能力已经表现出非凡的敏锐度和物种特异性。声源的位置是声音的基本感知属性。在正常情况下，对于人类听众来说，刺激源是即时且
In natural environments, the approach of a competitor, a predator, a relative, a mate, or one’s prey may be conveyed by subtle fluctuations within the acoustic environment. In many instances it is likely that the early detection of an intruder is conveyed not by a sound that is unusual or uncommon because of its amplitude or frequency composition, but rather by a sound that is distinctive chiefly because it occurred at an “inappropriate” location within the acoustic landscape. Here, one’s ability to survive depends not on unusual sound detection capabilities, but rather on a sound localization system that permits a listener to effortlessly, yet vigilantly, track the relative positions of the sources of sounds that signal safety or danger. Moreover, the absence of a “safe” sound may be as significant to many birds and mammals as is the presence of an “unsafe” one; for an intruder’s approach may be disclosed by either the production of unexpected sounds, or by the abrupt cessation of “expected” sounds that were previously sustained or ongoing in some regular pattern. Movements made unstealthily will disrupt the chorus of cicadas or the sounds of birds, or other animals, and a ripple of silence may spread across the landscape signaling that something (or someone) is nearby. The subtlest acoustic changes may be biologically the most telling. Clumsy predators are apt to go hungry, and an evolutionary premium has been placed upon the ability of most animals to quickly discern the position of a sound that does not belong (or the position of an unexpected cessation of those sounds that do belong). In the struggle for survival, the determination of the origin of a signal may be assigned a level of importance that equals or exceeds that of being able to recognize the sound, or being able to identify the perpetrator of the disturbance. It is in this biological context that the mechanisms underlying sound localization evolved, and through the course of the succession of animals on earth the sound localization abilities of many species have come to exhibit remarkable acuity and species specificity. The position of the source is a cardinal perceptual attribute of sound. Under normal conditions, for human listeners, the source of a stimulus is instantly and