Social Vulnerability to Climatic Shocks Is Shaped by Urban Accessibility
Social Vulnerability to Climatic Shocks Is Shaped by Urban Accessibility
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DOI：
10.1080/24694452.2017.1325726
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发表时间：
2018-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Luke Parry;G. Davies;O. Almeida;G. Frausin;André de Moraés;S. Rivero;N. Filizola;P. Torres
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Luke Parry;G. Davies;O. Almeida;G. Frausin;André de Moraés;S. Rivero;N. Filizola;P. Torres
尽管人们对城市对气候变化的脆弱性越来越感兴趣，但对于为什么一些城市中心比其他城市中心具有更大的社会脆弱性，还没有系统的理解。在这篇文章中，我们探讨了亚马逊城市对洪水和干旱的社会脆弱性是否与它们的空间可达性差异有关。为了评估310个城市中心的可达性，我们开发了一个旅游网络，并得出了连通性和地理偏远程度的衡量标准。我们发现，914,654人生活在距离州首府2820公里的无路城市中心（n = 68）。然后，我们测试了可达性指标是否解释了社会敏感性、适应能力和被忽视的风险领域——食物系统敏感性的定量指标的城市间差异。可达性解释了每个维度指标的显著差异，因此，我们首次展示了社会脆弱性的潜在空间基础。例如，洪水在交通不便的城市中心造成更大的疾病风险，因为这些地方卫生设施不足，使居民面临环境污染和受污染的水，而贫困和治理失败又加剧了这种情况。我们探索了这些空间不平等的根本原因，展示了亚马逊地区偏远和无路的城市在历史上是如何被边缘化的，其公民面临结构性暴力和经济劣势。矛盾的是，我们发现社会脆弱性最高的地方拥有最大的自然和文化资产（雨林、土著居民和保护区）。我们的结论是，通过道路建设来增加可达性将是不适应的，使边缘人群受到进一步的伤害，并通过推动森林砍伐加剧气候变化。
Despite growing interest in urban vulnerability to climatic change, there is no systematic understanding of why some urban centers have greater social vulnerability than others. In this article, we ask whether the social vulnerability of Amazonian cities to floods and droughts is linked to differences in their spatial accessibility. To assess the accessibility of 310 urban centers, we developed a travel network and derived measures of connectivity and geographical remoteness. We found that 914,654 people live in roadless urban centers (n = 68) located up to 2,820 km from their state capital. We then tested whether accessibility measures explained interurban differences in quantitative measures of social sensitivity, adaptive capacity, and an overlooked risk area, food system sensitivity. Accessibility explained marked variation in indicators of each of these dimensions and, hence, for the first time, we show an underlying spatial basis for social vulnerability. For instance, floods pose a greater disease risk in less accessible urban centers because inadequate sanitation in these places exposes inhabitants to environmental pollution and contaminated water, exacerbated by poverty and governance failures. Exploring the root causes of these spatial inequalities, we show how remote and roadless cities in Amazonia have been historically marginalized and their citizens exposed to structural violence and economic disadvantage. Paradoxically, we found that places with the highest social vulnerability have the greatest natural and cultural assets (rainforest, indigenous peoples, and protected areas). We conclude that increasing accessibility through road building would be maladaptive, exposing marginalized people to further harm and exacerbating climatic change by driving deforestation.