The genetics of sex differences in brain and behavior.
The genetics of sex differences in brain and behavior.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.10.001
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发表时间：
2011-04
影响因子：
7.4
通讯作者：
Vilain E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ngun TC;Ghahramani N;Sánchez FJ;Bocklandt S;Vilain E
男女之间的生理差异导致许多性别特异性疾病和失调。从历史上看，人们认为这种差异主要是由于性腺激素分泌造成的。然而，新的研究表明，一些差异是由这些激素分泌作用以外的机制介导的，特别是由位于X和Y染色体上的基因产物介导的，我们称之为直接遗传效应。本文综述了行为和大脑性别差异的直接遗传效应的证据。我们强调的“四个核心基因型”模型和性别差异在中脑多巴胺能系统，特别是专注于Sry的作用。我们还讨论了对独特人群进行的新研究，包括被同性吸引的人和具有跨性别身份的人。随着科学继续推进我们对生物性别差异的理解，一个旨在更好地满足两性需求的新领域正在出现：基于性别的生物学和医学。最终，对性别差异的生物学基础的研究将改善男性和女性的医疗保健。
Biological differences between men and women contribute to many sex-specific illnesses and disorders. Historically, it was argued that such differences were largely, if not exclusively, due to gonadal hormone secretions. However, emerging research has shown that some differences are mediated by mechanisms other than the action of these hormone secretions and in particular by products of genes located on the X and Y chromosomes, which we refer to as direct genetic effects. This paper reviews the evidence for direct genetic effects in behavioral and brain sex differences. We highlight the `four core genotypes' model and sex differences in the midbrain dopaminergic system, specifically focusing on the role of Sry. We also discuss novel research being done on unique populations including people attracted to the same sex and people with a cross-gender identity. As science continues to advance our understanding of biological sex differences, a new field is emerging that is aimed at better addressing the needs of both sexes: gender-based biology and medicine. Ultimately, the study of the biological basis for sex differences will improve healthcare for both men and women.