Using a Cognitive Architecture for Addressing the Question of Cognitive Universals in Cross-Cultural Psychology
Using a Cognitive Architecture for Addressing the Question of Cognitive Universals in Cross-Cultural Psychology
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使用认知架构解决跨文化心理学中的认知共性问题
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发表时间：
2009
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通讯作者：
F. Gobet
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作者：
F. Gobet
跨文化心理学的一个中心主题是认知机制在多大程度上是普遍的，或者是特定于特定文化的。提出了一种解决这个问题的新方法：使用相同的认知架构，实现为计算机程序，用于模拟来自不同文化的个体执行熟悉自己文化的任务的现象。CHREST体系结构模拟了许多与西方国际象棋棋盘游戏相关的经验现象。在这里，我们表明，在同一架构中实现的模型占awalé，棋盘游戏从mancala家庭，这是在西非和加勒比海地区普遍发挥的几种现象。CHREST首先通过扫描专家级游戏来学习组块，然后被放置在记忆实验和解决问题的情况下，类似于人类青少年使用的情况。该模型相当好地复制了关于awalé位置记忆的经验现象，尽管不是完美的，并且还学会了使用模式识别进行公平但远非完美的游戏。学习是通过大量组块的获取来介导的，视觉短期记忆的容量被限制在三个组块的假设在解释两个游戏的经验数据时是很重要的。讨论了对跨文化心理学理论发展的影响。
A central theme in cross-cultural psychology is the extent to which cognitive mechanisms are universal, or, alternatively, are specific to a given culture. A new way to tackle this question is proposed: to use the same cognitive architecture, implemented as a computer program, for simulating phenomena in which individuals from different cultures perform a task familiar to their own culture. The CHREST architecture has simulated a number of empirical phenomena related to the Western board game of chess. Here, we show that a model implemented in the same architecture accounts for several phenomena in awalé, a board game from the mancala family, which is commonly played in western Africa and in the Caribbean. CHREST first learns chunks by scanning expert-level games and then is placed in memory experiments and problem-solving situations similar to those used with human youngsters. The model replicates empirical phenomena on memory for awalé positions reasonably well, although not perfectly, and also learns to play a fair, but far from perfect game using pattern recognition. The assumptions that learning is mediated by the acquisition of a large number of chunks and that the capacity of visual short-term memory is limited to three chunks are important in explaining the empirical data for the two games. The implications for theory development in cross-cultural psychology are discussed.