The presence of dialkylphosphates in fresh fruit juices: Implication for organophosphorus pesticide exposure and risk assessments
The presence of dialkylphosphates in fresh fruit juices: Implication for organophosphorus pesticide exposure and risk assessments
复制标题
DOI：
10.1080/15287390590890554
复制
发表时间：
2005-02-13
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Barr, DB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lu, C;Bravo, R;Barr, DB
本研究旨在确定是否二烷基磷酸酯（DAP）存在于新鲜果汁，作为有机磷（OP）农药降解的结果。新鲜的常规和有机水果（苹果和橙子）果汁购自当地杂货店。在传统果汁和有机果汁中都发现了DAP，并且对于苹果汁和橙子汁，传统果汁中的DAP原始水平高于有机果汁。在4 ℃下贮藏72 h后，OP农药强化果汁中发现了额外的DAP，这表明果汁中OP农药的降解。总的来说，12%和36.2%的强化azinoprotein甲基，二甲基OP农药，和组合的强化二嗪农和毒死蜱，二乙基OP农药，分别降解为二甲基和二乙基DAP。虽然降解的确切机制尚不清楚，但水解可能是OP农药在果汁中降解的原因。新鲜果汁中的DAP的存在使使用尿DAP测量来估计人类，特别是儿童的OP农药暴露的有效性变得模糊。其他研究中报告的基于尿DAP的OP农药暴露量可能被高估，这是由于预先形成的DAP和OP农药暴露导致的DAP共存。因此，在尿中DAP浓度可以可靠地用于暴露和风险评估之前，必须确定归因于环境DAP暴露的浓度比例，特别是通过饮食。因此，尿中DAP作为有机磷农药生物标志物在暴露和风险评估中有许多局限性，在解释DAP结果时应谨慎。
This study was designed to determine whether dialkylphosphates (DAPs) are present in fresh fruit juices, as a result of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides degradation. Fresh conventional and organic fruit (apple and orange) juices were purchased from local grocery stores. DAPs were found in both conventional and organic juices, and the original levels were higher, for both apple and orange juices, in conventional than in organic juices. Additional DAPs were found in OP pesticide fortified juices after 72 h of storage at 4degreesC, suggesting a degradation of OP pesticides in juices. Overall, 12% and 36.2% of fortified azinphosmethyl, a dimethyl OP pesticide, and the combination of fortified diazinon and chlorpyrifos, both diethyl OP pesticides, were degraded to dimethyl and diethyl DAPs, respectively. Although the exact mechanism of the degradation is unknown, hydrolysis is likely the cause of OP pesticide degradation in juice. The presence of DAPs in fresh fruit juices clouds the validity of using urinary DAP measurements for estimating OP pesticide exposures in humans, particularly in children. The overestimated OP pesticide exposures based on urinary DAPs reported in other studies is likely, due to the coexistence of preformed DAPs and DAPs resulting from OP pesticide exposures. Thus, before urinary DAP concentrations can be reliably used in exposure and risk assessment, the proportion of the concentration attributable to environmental DAP exposure, particularly through the diet, must be ascertained. In conclusion, urinary DAPs have many limitations when being used as biomarkers for OP pesticides in exposure and risk assessment, and caution should be exercised when interpreting DAPs results.