A range-wide restoration strategy for whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis)
A range-wide restoration strategy for whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis)
复制标题
白皮松（Pinus albicaulis）的大范围恢复策略
DOI：
10.2737/rmrs-gtr-279
复制
发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Cyndi M. Smith
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Keane;D. Tomback;C. Aubry;A. Bower;E. Campbell;C. Cripps;M. Jenkins;M. F. Mahalovich;M. Manning;S. T. McKinney;M. Murray;D. Perkins;D. Reinhart;C. Ryan;A. Schoettle;Cyndi M. Smith
白皮松（Pinus albicaulis）是西部高海拔森林的重要组成部分，自20世纪初以来，由于山松虫（Dendroctonus ponderosae）爆发、火灾排除政策和外来疾病白松水疱锈病（由病原体克罗纳artium ribicola引起）的传播的综合影响，白皮松（Pinus albicaulis）在美国和加拿大一直在减少。松树现在是濒危物种法案的候选物种。近十年来，随着白皮松甲虫的大量增加和水疱锈病造成的损害和死亡率的增加，白皮松的累积损失改变了许多地区高海拔地区的群落组成和生态系统过程。白皮松是支持群落多样性的重要物种，是促进群落发展和稳定的基础物种。由于美国和加拿大90%以上的白皮松林生长在公共土地上，维持白皮松群落需要联邦和省级土地管理机构之间的协调和跨界努力，以制定一项全面的战略来恢复这一日益衰落的生态系统。我们根据最新的技术有效性知识和社区间应用的差异，概述了维持高山地区白皮松种群的广泛策略。该战略是作为公共土地管理机构规划、设计、实施和评估小规模白皮松恢复活动的一般指南编写的，并鼓励机构间和机构间的协调以提高效率。该战略被组织为六个实施尺度，每个尺度由评估因素、恢复技术、管理问题和实例来描述。
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), an important component of western high-elevation forests, has been declining in both the United States and Canada since the early Twentieth Century from the combined effects of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreaks, fire exclusion policies, and the spread of the exotic disease white pine blister rust (caused by the pathogen Cronartium ribicola). The pine is now a candidate species for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Within the last decade, with major surges of pine beetle and increasing damage and mortality from blister rust, the cumulative whitebark pine losses have altered high-elevation community composition and ecosystem processes in many regions. Whitebark pine is a keystone species because of its various roles in supporting community diversity and a foundation species for its roles in promoting community development and stability. Since more than 90 percent of whitebark pine forests occur on public lands in the United States and Canada, maintaining whitebark pine communities requires a coordinated and trans-boundary effort across Federal and provincial land management agencies to develop a comprehensive strategy for restoration of this declining ecosystem. We outline a range-wide strategy for maintaining whitebark pine populations in high mountain areas based on the most current knowledge of the efficacy of techniques and differences in their application across communities. The strategy is written as a general guide for planning, designing, implementing, and evaluating fine-scale restoration activities for whitebark pine by public land management agencies, and to encourage agency and inter-agency coordination for greater efficiency. The strategy is organized into six scales of implementation, and each scale is described by assessment factors, restoration techniques, management concerns, and examples.