Posthatching locomotor experience alters locomotor development in chicks.
Posthatching locomotor experience alters locomotor development in chicks.
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孵化后的运动经验改变了雏鸡的运动发育。
作者：
G. Muir;T. Chu
我们以前已经证明，即使小鸡是非常早熟的，可以在孵化后的几个小时内移动，他们需要一段时间来发展成熟的稳定行走。例如，与10至14天大的动物相比，1至2天大的动物以不成比例的小步幅移动。这项研究的目的是确定是否成熟的步行，包括发展一个成熟的步幅，取决于运动经验。我们还研究了头部摆动的发展和经验依赖性，这是一种在鸟类行走过程中发生的视动行为。小鸡被随机分配到三个组中的一个，接受增加的运动经验（即，踏车运动），运动经验减少（即，减少的住房空间），或运动体验没有改变。为了评估运动成熟对N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）型谷氨酸受体的依赖性，对每组动物给予NMDA拮抗剂（MK-801，每日肌内注射1 mg/kg）或生理盐水对照。运动特征（步幅，腿部支撑持续时间，水平头偏移）进行了量化从录像带记录的小鸡走在地上不受限制的孵化后第1，2，4，6，8和10天。与年龄匹配的跑步机运动或对照动物相比，运动限制至少6天的动物以缩短的步幅移动，这种变化在研究期间保持不变。NMDA拮抗作用也导致步幅缩短。头部摆动行为在同一时期成熟。这种成熟的速度也降低了运动限制。因此，运动经验是运动行为正常发展所必需的，即使在非常早熟的动物中也是如此。这些结果进行了讨论，在可能的神经解剖学和神经生理学机制的基础上的经验和活动依赖性的变化，在电机的发展。
We have previously demonstrated that, even though chicks are very precocial and can locomote within hours of hatching, they require a period of time to develop a mature stable walk. As an example, 1- to 2-day-old animals move with disproportionately small stride lengths compared with 10- to 14-day-old animals. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the maturation of walking, including the development of a mature stride length, depends on locomotor experience. We also investigated the development and experience-dependence nature of head bobbing, an optokinetic behavior that occurs during walking in birds. Chicks were randomly assigned to one of three groups receiving either increased locomotor experience (i.e., treadmill exercise), decreased locomotor experience (i.e., decreased housing space), or no alteration in locomotor experience. To assess the dependence of locomotor maturation on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors, animals in each group were either given an NMDA antagonist (MK-801, 1 mg/kg intramuscularly daily) or saline control. Locomotor characteristics (stride length, leg support durations, horizontal head excursions) were quantified from videotaped recordings of chicks walking overground unrestrained on posthatching days 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. Animals subject to exercise restriction for at least 6 days moved with shortened stride lengths compared with age-matched treadmill-exercised or control animals, a change that was maintained for the duration of the study. NMDA antagonism also resulted in shortened stride lengths. Head bobbing behavior matured during the same posthatching time period. The rate of this maturation was also decreased by exercise restriction. Thus locomotor experience is required for normal development of locomotor behavior, even in very precocial animals. These results are discussed in terms of the possible neuroanatomical and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying experience- and activity-dependent changes during motor development.
发育过程中的 NMDA 拮抗作用使老年脊髓横断大鼠的后肢功能得以保留。
DOI：
10.1016/0165-3806(95)00065-l
发表时间：
1995
期刊：
Brain research. Developmental brain research
影响因子：
--
作者：
Maier,DL;Kalb,RG;Stelzner,DJ
通讯作者：
Stelzner,DJ
影响因子：
4.6
作者：
R. Kalb
通讯作者：
R. Kalb
慢性胚胎 MK-801 暴露会破坏雏鸡脊髓中皮神经投射的体位组织。
DOI：
10.1016/0165-3806(94)90158-9
发表时间：
1994
期刊：
Brain research. Developmental brain research
影响因子：
--
作者：
Mendelson,B
通讯作者：
Mendelson,B