Risk Assessment Mapping of Landscape Development Based on Ecological Service and Goods in Malaysia Lowland Tropical Rainforest
Risk Assessment Mapping of Landscape Development Based on Ecological Service and Goods in Malaysia Lowland Tropical Rainforest
复制标题
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2010-02
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Hashim;M. Marghany;T. Okuda;S. Numata
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Hashim;M. Marghany;T. Okuda;S. Numata
将森林转变为农业活动的影响包括土壤侵蚀和生态服务价值和商品的退化。土壤侵蚀可以被视为现场影响，如土壤肥力下降的问题，也可以被视为其场外影响，如附近河流的沉积问题，而ESVG的退化在性质上更具整体性。这些影响在环境、生物和社会经济方面可能是毁灭性的。本文报道了1995 - 2003年8年间在马来西亚Pasoh森林地区（PFR）80万公顷森林景观中进行的农业发展影响研究。对农业发展的三个方面的影响进行了检查和分析，是：（一）总的土壤流失和土地利用模式变化的关系，（二）1995年和2003年PFR的ESVG绘图趋势，以及（三）ESVG的风险评估的基础上模拟转换339,630公顷的原始森林到大规模的油棕榈种植园。这项研究的结果表明，虽然只有约1464公顷（约0.2%的PFR）的原始森林转化为农业活动的微小变化，它显着增加了土壤流失总量从59至69万吨/公顷/年。PFR的平均土壤流失率为0.8百万吨/公顷/年，如果转换为ESVG术语，土壤流失成本约为4.8百万美元/年。然而，所有土地利用类别中的大多数土壤流失属于极低-低风险类别（<10吨/公顷/年）。1995年，用于PFR的ESVG耗资1.79亿美元，由于林地减少0.2%，2003年降至1.14亿美元。将339，630公顷原始森林转变为大规模种植园的生态系统可持续森林价值在所审查的20年期间内的成本低于原始森林;在转变的第20年，种植园和将保留为森林的生态系统可持续森林价值分别为9.63亿美元和5.75亿美元。然而，当考虑ESVG的全部属性时，这种差异只是边缘性的。
Amongst the impacts of converting forest to agricultural activities are soil erosion and degradation of ecology service values and goods (ESVG). The soil erosion can be seen as on-site impacts, such as the problems of decreasing soil fertility and also its off-site impact such as the problems of sedimentation of the nearby rivers, whilst the degradation of ESVG are more holistic in nature. These impacts can be devastating in environmental, biological, and socio-economic manners. This paper reports the study undertaken on the impacts of agricultural development in 0.8 million ha of forest dominated landscape in Pasoh Forest Region (PFR), Malaysia, within period of 8 years from 1995 to 2003. Three folds of impacts on agricultural development examined and analysed, are: (i) relationship of total soil loss and changes in land use pattern, (ii) mapping trends of ESVG for PFR in 1995 and 2003, and (iii) risk assessment of ESVG based on simulation of converting 339,630 ha of primary forest into mass-scale oil palm plantation. Results of this study indicated that although only minor changes of about 1464 ha (about 0.2% of PFR) of primary forest was converted to agricultural activities, it have significantly increased the total soil loss from 59 to 69 million ton/ha/yr. The mean rate of soil is loss for PFR is 0.8 mil ton/ha/yr and if translated into ESVG term, the soil loss costs about US$ 4.8mil/yr. However, majority of the soil loss within all land use classes are within range of very low-low risk categories (<10 ton/ha/yr). ESVG for PFR were costing US$ 179 millions in 1995, declined to US$ 114 millions in 2003 due to 0.2% reduction of forested land. The ESVG of converting 339,630 ha primary forest into mass plantation cost less than original forest within period of 20 years examined; the 20th year of conversion, the ESVG of plantation and to-remain as forest cost US$ 963 and US$ 575 millions, respectively. However, this difference is only marginal when full attributes of ESVG are considered.