The behaviour of 39 pesticides in surface waters as a function of scale
The behaviour of 39 pesticides in surface waters as a function of scale
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DOI：
10.1002/hyp.212
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发表时间：
2001-05-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Winterstein, TA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Capel, PD;Larson, SJ;Winterstein, TA
部分施用的农药从农田流失并通过地表水迁移。在这项研究中，39 种农药的行为被检查为从田地到海洋 14 个数量级的尺度函数。来自两个美国地质调查项目的溪流中农药含量数据与来自实地和流域研究的文献数据相结合。每个田地和流域的年负荷以使用百分比 (LAPU) 进行量化，并用作流域和化合物的标准化因子。针对具有 15 天行程时间的模型河流（与密西西比河上游的特征相似）估算了每种农药的河流内损失。这些估计的河流损失与观察到的视 LAPU 值作为流域面积函数的变化非常吻合。一般来说，施用于土壤表面的除草剂具有最大的 LAPU 值和最小的河流损失。土壤掺入的除草剂具有较小的 LAPU 值和大量的流内损失。杀虫剂的 LAPU 值通常与掺入的除草剂相似，但其流内损失的变化更大。根据 39 种农药的 LAPU 值作为流域面积的函数，提出了农药从田间到海洋移动的通用概念模型。在解释监测数据和制定监管决策方面讨论了考虑田间径流和河内损失的重要性。
A portion of applied pesticides runs off agricultural fields and is transported through surface waters. In this study, the behaviour of 39 pesticides is examined as a function of scale across 14 orders of magnitude from the field to the ocean. Data on pesticide loads in streams from two US Geological Survey programs were combined with literature data from field and watershed studies. The annual load as percent of use (LAPU) was quantified for each of the fields and watersheds and was used as the normalization factor across watersheds and compounds. The in-stream losses of each pesticide were estimated for a model stream with a 15 day travel time (similar in characteristics to the upper Mississippi River). These estimated in-stream losses agreed well with the observed changes in apparent LAPU values as a function of watershed area. In general, herbicides applied to the soil surface had the greatest LAPU values and minimal in-stream losses. Soil-incorporated herbicides had smaller LAPU values and substantial in-stream losses. Insecticides generally had LAPU values similar to the incorporated herbicides, but had more variation in their in-stream losses. On the basis of the LAPU values of the 39 pesticides as a function of watershed area, a generalized conceptual model of the movement of pesticides from the field to the ocean is suggested. The importance of considering both field runoff and in-stream losses is discussed in relation to interpreting monitoring data and making regulatory decisions.