Open-vent volcanism and related hazards: Overview
Open-vent volcanism and related hazards: Overview
复制标题
露天火山活动和相关危害：概述
DOI：
10.1130/2013.2498(00
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
N. Varley
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W. Rose;J. L. Palma;H. D. Granados;N. Varley
Special Paper 498包含12篇新的科学论文，作为2011年NSF赞助的研讨会的一部分。这项工作突出了对持续活跃的火山及其危害的研究，主要是在中美洲。这种火山被火山学家称为“开放式喷口”，它们提供了研究活动过程的机会。深入了解火山是如何工作的，以及如何减轻危险是这项工作的目标。总的来说，该卷提出了深入了解灾害基础设施的合作和发展的地质科学家和学生。罗斯，威斯康星州，帕尔马，J.L.，Delgado Granados，H.，Varley，N. 2013年，开放式火山活动和相关危害：概述，罗斯，威斯康星州，帕尔马，J.L.，Delgado Granados，H.，Varley，N.编辑，了解开放式火山活动和相关危害：美国地质学会特别论文498，p. vii-xiii，doi：10.1130/2013.2498（00）。如需复制许可，请联系editing@geosociety.org。© 2013美国地质学会。All rights reserved.喷发的火山可以说有开放的喷口。然而，火山就像沉睡的动物，当它们的喷口被认为被堵塞或关闭时，它们会有很长的休息时间。大多数火山并不喷发，在火山活动上相对平静。许多喷发（18%）仅持续2天，大多数（54%）喷发在1或2个月后结束。只有15%的持续时间超过1年，约1%的持续时间超过10年（Siebert等人，2010年）。然而，确定火山喷发何时结束可能是相当主观的。然而，在两次大喷发之间，开口火山的特点是持续不断地排放气体，有时还伴有轻微的爆炸活动和其他危险。这种类型的火山作用（图1）可以持续多年或数十年。尽管如此，由于它们与活跃的喷发过程有明显的直接联系，持续时间较长的“开口火山”是本卷论文研究的重点。由于其活动水平较低，因此可能代表主动测量更安全的研究中心。这些地点吸引了对研究活火山过程感兴趣的火山学家（即，火山是如何工作的（How Volcanoes Work）它们代表了合作科学努力，经常导致基础设施建设，因为科学家通常必须在国际上旅行并与当地科学家联系。这一卷是2011年1月在哥斯达黎加举行的一次国际讲习班的成果，来自13个国家的60名科学家参加了讲习班。我们希望这本书能显示出这种研究的效用，并鼓励更多的研究。这种工作需要特别的努力，因为开放式喷口火山的数量只占世界活火山的一小部分。
Special Paper 498 contains 12 new scientifi c papers, assembled as part of an NSFsponsored workshop in 2011. The work highlights study of persistently active volcanoes and their hazards, mostly in Central America. Such volcanoes are termed “open vents” by volcanologists, and they offer the chance to study active processes. Insight into how volcanoes work and how hazards might be mitigated are the goals of the work. Overall, the volume presents insight into hazards infrastructure collaborations and development for geoscientists and students. Rose, W.I., Palma, J.L., Delgado Granados, H., and Varley, N., 2013, Open-vent volcanism and related hazards: Overview, in Rose, W.I., Palma, J.L., Delgado Granados, H., and Varley, N., eds., Understanding Open-Vent Volcanism and Related Hazards: Geological Society of America Special Paper 498, p. vii–xiii, doi:10.1130/2013.2498(00). For permission to copy, contact editing@geosociety.org. © 2013 The Geological Society of America. All rights reserved. INTRODUCTION Erupting volcanoes may be said to have open vents. However, volcanoes are like sleeping animals, and they have long reposes, when their vents are thought to be blocked or closed. Most volcanoes are not erupting and are relatively quiet geophysically. Many eruptions (18%) last only 2 d, and most (54%) eruptions end after 1 or 2 mo. Only 15% last longer than 1 yr, and ~1% last longer than a decade (Siebert et al., 2010). It may be quite subjective to determine when an eruption ends, however. In between major eruptions, however, open-vent volcanoes are characterized by persistent gas emissions, sometimes associated with mild explosive activity and other hazards. This type of volcanism (Fig. 1) can last for many years or decades. Nonetheless, because they offer an apparent direct connection with the active eruptive process, longer-lasting “open-vent volcanoes” are the focus for the studies in the papers of this volume. Because their level of activity is low, they may represent study sites that are safer for active measurements. Such sites have attracted volcanologists interested in studying the active volcanic processes (i.e., how volcanoes work). They represent collaborative science efforts that frequently lead to infrastructure construction because scientists usually must travel internationally and connect with local scientists. This volume grew out of an international workshop held in Costa Rica in January 2011, attended by 60 scientists from 13 countries. We hope that the volume shows the utility of such studies and will encourage more. This kind of work involves special effort because the number of open-vent volcanoes amounts to only a small percentage of the active volcanoes of the world.