Nonindigenous aquatic species in a United States estuary: a case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and delta
Nonindigenous aquatic species in a United States estuary: a case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and delta
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发表时间：
1995
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通讯作者：
A. N. Cohen;J. Carlton
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作者：
A. N. Cohen;J. Carlton
旧金山湾/三角洲河口拥有比任何其他河口都多的非本地物种，其中有 212 种已建立的物种、15 种新近抵达以确定是否已经建立的物种以及 125 种隐源物种（可能是本地物种或引进物种）。非本土生物在许多栖息地中占主导地位，占底栖和污损群落常见物种的 40% 至 100%。自 1850 年以来，平均每 36 周就有一个新物种建立，自 1970 年以来，每 24 周增加一个新物种。非本地物种改变了栖息地，破坏了食物网，并导致本地种群的消灭或减少。一些人故意引入鱼类，另两种人无意中引入蛤，支持了商业渔业，但后来这些渔业已经衰退或关闭。大多数经济影响都是负面的，包括钻木蛤造成的超过 6 亿美元的损失、船体污垢导致的船速降低和燃料消耗增加，以及控制非本土植物和鱼类的成本。非本地物种加剧了本地物种的危险，破坏了生态系统的稳定并使其更难以管理，成为对河口及其附近的引水、堤坝维护、航道疏浚和其他经济活动日益限制的一个因素。
The San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary hosts more nonindigenous species than are known for any other estuary, with 212 established species, 15 species too recently arrived to determine whether they have become established, and 125 cryptogenic species (species which could be either native or introduced). Nonindigenous organisms dominate many habitats, accounting for 40% to 100% of the common species in benthic and fouling communities. On average one new species has become established every 36 weeks since 1850, increasing to one new species every 24 weeks since 1970. Nonidigenous species have altered habitats, disrupted food webs, and contributed to the eradication or reduction of native populations. Some intentionally introduced fish and two accidentally introduced clams supported commercial fisheries that have since declined or closed. Most economic effects have been negative, including over $600 million damage from a wood-boring clam, reduced vessel speed and increased fuel consumption from hull fouling, and costs of controlling nonindigenous plants and fish. Nonindigneous species, by contributing to the endangerment of native species, and by destabilizing and making the ecosystem less manageable, are a factor in increasing restrictions on water diversions, levee maintenance, channel dredging and other economic activities in and near the Estuary.