School Diversity, School District Fragmentation and Metropolitan Policy
School Diversity, School District Fragmentation and Metropolitan Policy
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学校多样性、学区碎片化和大都市政策
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发表时间：
2013
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通讯作者：
Kara S. Finnigan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. J. Holme;Kara S. Finnigan
背景/背景在过去的几十年里，学校种族隔离的结构发生了显著的变化。过去，来自不同种族和民族背景的学生往往被分隔在学区内的不同建筑中；然而，越来越多的来自不同种族和民族背景的学生可能被分为完全不同的地区（Clotfelter, 2004）。日益严重的地区间隔离问题给地区和寻求促进融合的政策制定者带来了一系列独特的挑战，因为地区只对涵盖本地区边界的政策拥有行政权力。因此，学校种族隔离结构的变化需要更好地理解这一政策问题，并针对这一政策问题提出更有创造性的解决办法。本文从学校多元化的角度探讨了学区隔离和学区分裂所造成的困境。在我们的分析中，我们考察了城市治理改革中用于解决城市碎片化问题的四种主要方法：兼并、整合、流动性计划和城市治理改革。在每个部分中，我们将研究每种方法作为解决学区分裂相关问题的潜力。我们首先回顾了现有的研究，以检验什么是已知的地区间隔离的经验，以及学区碎片化作为一个促成因素的作用。然后，我们回顾了有关解决非教育领域碎片化引起的问题的政策努力的文献。本文讨论的每一项政策努力都提供了关于改善整合和解决碎片化成本的潜在政策方向的见解。最后，我们考虑了可以作为学区解决碎片化问题的潜在工具的结构类型，并讨论了如何激励学区之间的区域合作。
Background/Context Over the past several decades, the structure of school segregation has changed significantly. In the past, students from different racial and ethnic backgrounds tended to be separated into different buildings within school districts; increasingly, however, students from different racial and ethnic backgrounds are likely to be separated into entirely separate districts (Clotfelter, 2004). This growing problem of between-district segregation poses a unique set of challenges for districts and policymakers seeking to advance integration, as districts have administrative authority only over policies that cover their own boundaries. The changing configuration of school segregation, therefore, requires a better understanding of, and more creative solutions aimed at, this policy problem. Focus of Study This article explores the dilemmas created by between-district segregation and school district fragmentation in terms of efforts to diversify schools. In our analysis, we examine four predominant approaches that have been used in city governance reform to address the problems of municipal fragmentation: annexation, consolidation, mobility programs, and metropolitan governance reform. Within each section, we examine the potential of each of these approaches as a solution to the problems associated with school district fragmentation. Data Collection and Analysis We first review existing research to examine what is known empirically about between-district segregation, and the role of school district fragmentation as a contributing factor. We then review literature about policy efforts to address problems caused by fragmentation in noneducational domains. Conclusions Each of the policy efforts discussed in this article offer insights as to potential policy directions to improve integration and address the costs of fragmentation. We conclude by considering the types of structures that could serve as potential vehicles for school districts to address the problems of fragmentation, and by discussing how regional cooperation between school districts can incentivized.