Editorial overview: COPB issue 2022 on “epigenetics and gene regulation”
Editorial overview: COPB issue 2022 on “epigenetics and gene regulation”
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编辑概述：COPB 2022 年关于“表观遗传学和基因调控”的问题
DOI：
10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102305
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
9.5
通讯作者：
Mittelsten Scheid, Ortrun
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Schmitz, Robert J.;Mittelsten Scheid, Ortrun
细胞核中的分子活动对于将基因组中编码的信息翻译成表型输出是必不可少的。高度复杂的过程以时空方式解释DNA序列，以调节基因表达和细胞、组织和整个生物体的相关特征。DNA序列中的基序为结合转录因子（TF）以启动转录调控提供特异性，然而它们的可及性通常取决于染色质状态。染色质是DNA、核小体和其他相关蛋白质的组合，其修饰DNA包装、DNA相互作用蛋白质的可接近性和细胞核中的区室化。染色质状态将基因组区域大致区分为三种类型的包装：（1）包含重复序列和转座子的组成型密集包装的异染色质，（2）包括活性基因及其相关顺式调控元件的大量扩增的常染色质，以及（3）根据核内位置、细胞类型、发育状态或环境输入以动态模式改变其染色质状态的区域。在测序，显微镜，遗传学，生物化学和结构生物学的进展已经发现了许多染色质状态的亚种，以及它们如何被染色质相关蛋白质解释。通常导致自我加强反馈回路的专门途径为维持浓缩或松弛的染色质状态提供了基础。事实上，这些途径中的一些导致稳定的状态，从细胞到细胞甚至跨代遗传，创造表观遗传变异，导致遗传变化的基因表达，而不改变DNA序列。虽然染色质是所有真核生物的特征，植物拥有一系列的染色质成分和表观遗传调控途径，超过了许多其他生物。这种多样性，需要环境适应的植物，其固着的生活方式，和后期分离的生殖细胞从体细胞表明，表观遗传信息可能有助于表型的多样性。此外，我们对基于染色质和RNA的表观遗传调控和遗传的许多见解都源于对植物的实验工作。这一系列的
Molecular activities in the nucleus are essential for translating information encoded in genomes into phenotypic outputs. Highly complex processes interpret the DNA sequence in a spatiotemporal manner to regulate gene expression and associated features of cells, tissues, and whole organisms. Motifs in the DNA sequence provide specificity for binding transcription factors (TFs) to initiate transcription regulation, yet their accessibility often depends on chromatin states. Chromatin is the combination of DNA, nucleosomes, and other associated proteins that modify DNA packaging, accessibility to DNA-interacting proteins, and compartmentalization in the nucleus. Chromatin states differentiate genomic regions roughly into three types of packaging:(1) constitutively densely packed heterochromatin containing repeats and transposons,(2) largely expanded euchromatin including active genes and their associated cis-regulatory elements, and (3) regions that change their chromatin state in a dynamic mode, depending on intranuclear location, cell type, developmental state, or environmental input. Advances in sequencing, microscopy, genetics, biochemistry, and structural biology have uncovered numerous subspecies of chromatin states and how they are interpreted by chromatin-associated proteins. Specialized pathways that often result in self-reinforcing feedback loops provide the basis for the maintenance of either condensed or relaxed chromatin states. In fact, some of these pathways lead to stable states that are inherited from cell to cell or even across generations, creating epigenetic variation that causes inherited changes to gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.Although chromatin is a feature of all eukaryotes, plants possess a range of chromatin components and epigenetic regulatory pathways that exceeds that of many other organisms. This diversification, the need for environmental adaptation of plants by their sessile lifestyle, and the late separation of the germline from somatic cells have suggested that epigenetic information could contribute to the diversity of phenotypes. In addition, a lot of our insight into chromatin and RNA-based epigenetic regulation and inheritance stems from experimental work with plants. This collection of