The potential impacts of climate variability and change on air pollution-related health effects in the United States.
The potential impacts of climate variability and change on air pollution-related health effects in the United States.
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.109-1240667
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发表时间：
2001-05
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Romieu I
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bernard SM;Samet JM;Grambsch A;Ebi KL;Romieu I
气候变化可能通过影响天气、人为排放和生物排放以及改变空气中过敏原的分布和类型来影响空气污染物的暴露。局部温度、降水、云、大气水蒸气、风速和风向影响大气化学过程，局部和全球尺度环境之间发生相互作用。如果气候变得更加温暖和多变，空气质量可能会受到影响。然而，具体的变化类型（即，局部的、区域的或全球的），特定位置的变化方向（即，积极或消极），以及可能归因于气候变化的空气质量变化幅度，都是一个推测问题，是根据目前对未来情景的理解推断出来的。已经有大量证据表明空气污染对健康的影响。地面臭氧可加剧慢性呼吸道疾病，并导致肺功能短期下降。暴露于颗粒物会加重慢性呼吸道和心血管疾病，改变宿主防御能力，损害肺组织，导致过早死亡，并可能导致癌症。暴露于一氧化碳、二氧化硫和二氧化氮的健康影响包括工作能力降低、现有心血管疾病加重、对肺功能的影响、呼吸系统疾病、肺刺激和肺防御系统的改变。适应气候变化应包括确保空气质量保护计划对不断变化的污染水平作出反应。研究需求包括：关于天气与空气污染物之间关系的基础大气科学工作;改进空气污染模型及其与气候变化情景的联系;缩小在了解接触模式和健康影响方面的差距。
Climate change may affect exposures to air pollutants by affecting weather, anthropogenic emissions, and biogenic emissions and by changing the distribution and types of airborne allergens. Local temperature, precipitation, clouds, atmospheric water vapor, wind speed, and wind direction influence atmospheric chemical processes, and interactions occur between local and global-scale environments. If the climate becomes warmer and more variable, air quality is likely to be affected. However, the specific types of change (i.e., local, regional, or global), the direction of change in a particular location (i.e., positive or negative), and the magnitude of change in air quality that may be attributable to climate change are a matter of speculation, based on extrapolating present understanding to future scenarios. There is already extensive evidence on the health effects of air pollution. Ground-level ozone can exacerbate chronic respiratory diseases and cause short-term reductions in lung function. Exposure to particulate matter can aggravate chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, alter host defenses, damage lung tissue, lead to premature death, and possibly contribute to cancer. Health effects of exposures to carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide can include reduced work capacity, aggravation of existing cardiovascular diseases, effects on pulmonary function, respiratory illnesses, lung irritation, and alterations in the lung's defense systems. Adaptations to climate change should include ensuring responsiveness of air quality protection programs to changing pollution levels. Research needs include basic atmospheric science work on the association between weather and air pollutants; improving air pollution models and their linkage with climate change scenarios; and closing gaps in the understanding of exposure patterns and health effects.