The impacts of environmental regulations on industrial activity: Evidence from the 1970 and 1977 Clean Air Act amendments and the Census of Manufactures
The impacts of environmental regulations on industrial activity: Evidence from the 1970 and 1977 Clean Air Act amendments and the Census of Manufactures
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DOI：
10.1086/342808
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发表时间：
2002-12-01
影响因子：
8.2
通讯作者：
Greenstone, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Greenstone, M
本文估计的影响，清洁空气法的县划分为污染特定的nonachievement和实现类别的措施，工业活动从175万工厂观察制造业普查。非达标县的受控污染物排放者比达标县的排放者受到更大的监管监督。工厂级增长的首选统计模型包括工厂固定效应、行业按时期固定效应和县按时期固定效应。该模型的估计表明，在《清洁空气法》生效的前15年（1972- 1987年），非达标县（相对于达标县）损失了大约59万个工作岗位、370亿美元的资本存量和750亿美元（1987年美元）的污染密集型产业产出。这些发现在许多规范中都是可靠的，并且在许多污染行业中效果明显。
This paper estimates the impacts of the Clean Air Act's division of counties into pollutant-specific nonattainment and attainment categories on measures of industrial activity obtained from 1.75 million plant observations from the Census of Manufactures. Emitters of the controlled pollutants in nonattainment counties were subject to greater regulatory oversight than emitters in attainment counties. The preferred statistical model for plant-level growth includes plant fixed effects, industry by period fixed effects, and county by period fixed effects. The estimates from this model suggest that in the first 15 years in which the Clean Air Act was in force (1972-87), nonattainment counties (relative to attainment ones) lost approximately 590,000 jobs, $37 billion in capital stock, and $75 billion (1987 dollars) of output in pollution-intensive industries. These findings are robust across many specifications, and the effects are apparent in many polluting industries.