A comparative study of ozone production in five U.S. metropolitan areas
A comparative study of ozone production in five U.S. metropolitan areas
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DOI：
10.1029/2004jd005096
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发表时间：
2005-01-19
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Rudolph, J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kleinman, LI;Daum, PH;Rudolph, J
我们在田纳西州的纳什维尔（1995）、纽约的纽约市（1996）、亚利桑那州的凤凰城（1998）、宾夕法尼亚州的费城（1999）和得克萨斯州的休斯顿（2000）进行了野外活动，在中边界层高度观测到了O-3和O-3前体。臭氧产生速率P（O-3）和它们对NOx和挥发性有机碳（VOCs）的敏感性计算使用观测到的浓度作为输入的稳态箱模型。城市与城市的比较，以说明城市光化学的共同特点和功能，是独特的特定城市。臭氧产生率从几乎为零到155 ppb h（-1）不等。P（O-3）的差异取决于前体浓度，即自由基源、NOx和VOC。在P（O-3）大于25 ppb h（-1）的条件下，有可能在同一天产生足够的O-3，将典型的区域背景转化为严重的O-3事件。在纳什维尔、费城和休斯顿观察到6个这样的病例，在P（O-3）为25-140 ppb h（-1）的上午之后，下午O-3浓度升高（130-211 ppb）。当NOx浓度为5-25 ppb且OH-VOC反应性高于5 s（-1）时，出现高P（O-3）。这些情况并不常见，除了通常依赖于平静的风之外，原因因城市而异。在纳什维尔，高P（O-3）期间，在市中心的滞流事件和下的情况下，具有高浓度的异戊二烯的空气质量遇到了氮氧化物源。在休斯顿，NOx和轻烯烃是共同排放的石化设施导致最高的P（O-3）的五个城市的研究。高值的P（O-3）没有发生在凤凰城，因为低自由基生产，主要是由干燥的气氛，和低VOC与NOx的比例。P（O-3）的敏感性，其前体变化从NOx限制在农村样品的挥发性有机化合物限制在排放源附近。在费城，特别是凤凰城，最高的O-3生产率发生在VOC限制条件下。在纳什维尔、纽约市和休斯顿，高P（O-3）样品位于脊线附近，P（O-3）对VOC的减少有一定的响应，但对NOx的变化不敏感。
We present observations of O-3 and O-3 precursors measured at mid boundary layer altitude during field campaigns in Nashville, Tennessee (1995), New York City, New York (1996), Phoenix, Arizona (1998), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1999), and Houston, Texas (2000). Ozone production rates P(O-3) and their sensitivity to NOx and volatile organic carbons (VOCs) are calculated using observed concentrations as inputs to a steady state box model. City to city comparisons are made to illustrate common features of urban photochemistry and features that are unique to specific cities. Ozone production rates vary from nearly zero to 155 ppb h(-1). Differences in P(O-3) depend on precursor concentrations, namely, radical sources, NOx and VOCs. Under conditions where P(O-3) is greater than 25 ppb h(-1), there is a potential to produce enough same-day O-3 to transform a typical regional background into a severe O-3 episode. Six such cases were observed, in Nashville, Philadelphia, and Houston, with elevated O-3 concentrations in the afternoon (130-211 ppb) following a morning in which P(O-3) was 25-140 ppb h(-1). High P(O-3) occurs when NOx concentrations are 5-25 ppb and OH-VOC reactivity is above 5 s(-1). These conditions are infrequent, and aside from a common dependence on calm winds, reasons vary from city to city. In Nashville, high P(O-3) was observed during a stagnation event over downtown and under the circumstance that an air mass with a high concentration of isoprene encountered a NOx source. In Houston, NOx and light olefins are coemitted from petrochemical facilities leading to the highest P(O-3)s of the five cities studied. High values of P(O-3) did not occur in Phoenix because of low radical production, caused mainly by a dry atmosphere, and a low VOC to NOx ratio. The sensitivity of P(O-3) to its precursors varied from NOx limited in rural samples to VOC limited near emission sources. In Philadelphia, and especially Phoenix, the highest O-3 production rates occurred under VOC-limited conditions. In Nashville, New York City, and Houston the high-P(O-3) samples were near the ridge line where P(O-3) responds somewhat to VOC reductions but is insensitive to NOx changes.