Environmental conditions and life history constraints determine foraging range in breeding Adelie penguins
Environmental conditions and life history constraints determine foraging range in breeding Adelie penguins
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DOI：
10.3354/meps310247
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发表时间：
2006-01-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Otahal, Petr
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Clarke, Judy;Emmerson, Louise M.;Otahal, Petr
阿德利企鹅的觅食活动受到环境条件(例如海冰覆盖)和生活史因素(例如定期提供后代)的限制，我们在这些限制的背景下描述了在这些限制条件下阿德利企鹅在东南极贝切尔维斯岛筑巢的觅食范围、旅行持续时间和身体状况的季节变化。在企鹅的年度周期的孵化、守卫、托儿所和蜕皮前阶段，人们对企鹅进行了多个季节的卫星跟踪。在孵化期间，它们的分布范围最远，此时海冰面积较大，而在守卫阶段，它们的分布最短，此时雏鸟较小，海冰范围有限。在它们一年一度的换羽之前，这些鸟在它们繁殖地的西面和东面觅食数百公里。在冰盖覆盖范围很广的季节之初，反复出现的波尼亚使人们更容易进入大海。核分析显示，企鹅在靠近蚁群的地方、沿着海底峡谷和在大陆架断裂处觅食最密集。随着雏鸡饲养期的进展，觅食范围的增加与成鸟和雏鸟不断变化的能量需求以及可能的种内竞争是一致的。在为后代提供食物的同时，企鹅采用了时间最小化和食物最大化的可变组合觅食行为，其中觅食规则的选择主要取决于成年企鹅的身体状况。
Foraging movements of Adelie penguins are constrained both by environmental conditions (e.g. sea ice cover) and life history factors (e.g. regular offspring provisioning), We describe within season changes in foraging range, trip duration and body condition of Adelie penguins nesting at Bechervaise Island, East Antarctica, in the context of these constraints. Penguins were satellite tracked over multiple seasons during the incubation, guard, creche and pre-moult phases of their annual cycle. They ranged farthest during incubation when sea ice was extensive and shortest during the guard stage when chicks were small and sea ice limited in extent. Prior to their annual moult the birds foraged hundreds of kilometres to the west and east of their breeding sites. A recurrent polynya facilitated access to the sea early in the season when ice cover was extensive. Kernel analyses showed that penguins foraged most intensively close to the colony, along submarine canyons and at the continental shelf break. Increases in foraging range, as the chick rearing period progressed, were consistent with changing energy requirements of adults and chicks and likely intraspecific competition. Whilst provisioning their offspring, penguins adopted a variable combination of time minimising and food maximising foraging behaviour in which choice of foraging rule was determined largely by adult body condition.