Is loneliness in later life a self-fulfilling prophecy?
Is loneliness in later life a self-fulfilling prophecy?
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DOI：
10.1080/13607863.2015.1023767
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Victor C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pikhartova J;Bowling A;Victor C
目的：关于衰老和晚年生活有许多刻板印象。我们在英国老龄化纵向研究（ELSA）中研究了老年人对孤独的期望和刻板印象与8年后实际自我报告的孤独状况之间的关系。方法：对4465名50岁以上的ELSA核心成员的数据进行多变量重复测量logit回归分析，这些成员在第2波（2004）中没有报告孤独感，在第3波和第6波（2006-2012）之间至少回答了一次孤独感问题，以估计老年孤独感的知觉刻板印象和期望与8年随访期间实际孤独感之间的关系。结果：在第二波分析样本中，24%的受访者同意老年是孤独的时期，33%的人认为老年是孤独的。在Waves 3-6中，11.5%的受访者表示感到孤独。在年龄-性别调整分析中，刻板印象和期望都与后来报告的孤独显著相关(刻板印象的OR值为2.65 （95% CI 2.05-3.42)，期望的OR值为2.98 (95% CI 2.33-3.75)）。即使考虑到社会人口环境，这两个变量也能显著地预测未来的孤独，尽管影响降低了(刻板印象的OR为1.53 (95% CI 1.16-2.01)，期望的OR为2.38 (95% CI 1.84-3.07)，但这两个变量都是相互调整的。结论：与老年孤独感相关的刻板印象和期望与8年后报告的孤独感显著相关。旨在改变人口中与年龄有关的陈规定型观念的干预措施可能比基于个人的服务更能减少孤独感。
Objectives: There are many stereotypes about ageing and later life. We looked at the association between expectations and stereotyping of loneliness in old age and actual self-reported loneliness status 8 years later in English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Method: Data from 4465 ELSA core members aged over 50 who responded to Waves 2 (2004) did not report loneliness in Wave 2, and responded to loneliness questions at least once between Waves 3 and 6 (2006–2012) were used in multivariable repeated measures logit regression analysis to estimate relationship between perceived stereotypes and expectation of loneliness in older age and actual loneliness reported within 8 years of follow-up. Results: Twenty-four per cent of respondents from the analytical sample agreed at Wave 2 that old age is time of loneliness and 33% expected to be lonely in old age. Loneliness was reported by 11.5% of respondents at Waves 3–6. Both stereotypes and expectation were significantly associated with later reported loneliness (OR 2.65 (95% CI 2.05–3.42) for stereotypes and 2.98 (95% CI 2.33–3.75) for expectations in age-sex adjusted analysis). Both variables significantly predicted future loneliness even when socio-demographic circumstances were taken into account and both variables were mutually adjusted although the effect was reduced (OR's 1.53 (95% CI 1.16–2.01) for stereotypes and 2.38 (95% CI 1.84–3.07) for expectations). Conclusions: Stereotypes and expectations related to loneliness in the old age were significantly associated with reported loneliness 8 years later. Interventions aimed at changing age-related stereotypes in population may have more impact on reducing loneliness than individually based services.