Privatization of Security, Arms Proliferation and the Process of State Collapse in Africa
Privatization of Security, Arms Proliferation and the Process of State Collapse in Africa
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非洲安全私有化、武器扩散和国家崩溃进程
DOI：
10.1111/1467-7660.t01-1-00254
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
A. Musah
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Musah
非洲大多数所谓的“崩溃国家”都是非洲大陆正在展开的复杂而矛盾的建国和解体过程的极端例子。在主权的外表下，几乎所有这些国家都是在20世纪60年代作为空壳国家开始独立存在的。从那时起，他们要么走上了自我毁灭的道路（国家崩溃），要么试图用制度内容来填充外壳（国家建立）。私人军事干预是破坏国家建设项目的关键外部因素之一。无论是以传统的“财富战士”形式，还是以目前的公司外衣，安全私有化都为弱国的治理过程注入了煽动性因素。自独立以来，非洲人民一直遭受结构性暴力，这种暴力突出了武力，而淡化了人的安全作为治理基石的重要性。自冷战结束以来，公民社会对此的反应变得更加明显，并导致最没有能力应对新挑战的弱国进行消极的重组。安全私有化阻碍了建立负责任的治理的努力，并巩固了暴力文化。私营军事公司、其军火经纪人伙伴和地方军阀是非法占用资源的主要行为者----这是非洲持续不对称战争的一个主要原因----以及武器扩散----这是这些战争的一个煽动因素。
Most so–called ‘collapsed states’ in Africa are extreme cases of the complex and contradictory processes of state–making and unmaking which are unfolding in the continent. Beneath the veneer of sovereignty, virtually all these nations started their independent existence in the 1960s as shell states. Since then, they have either followed the path of self–destruction (state collapse) or have sought to fill the shell with institutional content (state–making). Private military intervention is one of the key external factors undermining the state–building project. Whether in its traditional ‘soldier of fortune’ form, or in its current corporate cloak, the privatization of security injects an inflammatory element into the governance process in weak states. Since independence, the populations of Africa have been subjected to structural violence that has highlighted force and de–emphasized human security as the cornerstone of governance. Civil society reactions to this have become more pronounced since the end of the Cold War, and have led to negative reconfiguration in weak states that are least equipped to manage the new challenges. The privatization of security impedes efforts to fashion accountable governance, and entrenches the culture of violence. Private military companies, their partner arms brokers and local warlords are the principal actors in illegitimate resource appropriation — a major cause of ongoing asymmetric warfare in Africa — and the proliferation of weapons — an incendiary element in these wars.